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wesastsprasecee i RT TATTLE ep pepratesy ele Tyee aoe 
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stetoss soe. Sedeassperayeceres aig enseesaphoeespecten soos atackg lasers hack fa toune bin asasmnasaopegearted sogaretoee smegepse tad 


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*- : ne anes ens lemeyseneerpsere Mare fra eaters HES PEO LM LETTE Pie PPT eirYe Ty wlebiemiethh wseeee ly XR 

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= risarsamersestreieroce eset nottgwecpesepesttee ser cist sip) pi ust krevanreatane seas recsemrueers te are Te Seen rake 
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Macerpesrqreees Lrurw we wriner ere pe praceeyr be peurweere pe pooner beeees pre wrnwee ye wt New vt peace mest pattesptenperestestes tyr pogeripeseeeseeet ons seeeanenen 


wee barre terer peietparrearieiete tae weenaae ruby error teeny TTY apr pr ye wie Hue nepeye sheets te enw VA 


From the Library of 
Professor Henry F. Wickham 
| University of Iowa 
| Presented in 1942 | 
| 


5Oo5. 76 | 


| EmGc 
NAT. 
HIST. MAR 2 = 1943 


CHAPTER IV. 


ORDER I. COLEOPTERA. 


Tue Corrorrera is the order which has usually been first described, and Werstwoop has 
followed the common practice in this respect in his Genera of British Insects. This order 


is thus characterized : 
Anterior wings horny or leathery, concealing the posterior when at rest, placed parallel and 
joined by a straight suture. Posterior or inferior wings membranous, longitudinally and transverse- 


ly folded. Mouth furnished with transverse jaws. Pupa incomplete. 


The insects of this order are denominated beetles : they constitute the most beautiful of 
_ the class, and occupy the foremost rank among the tribes. They are grouped as follows by 


Mr. M‘Leay : 


1. GEODEPHAGA : containing those beetles which have setaceous antenne, with the 
outer processes of the maxille palpiform. 


2, HYDRADEPHAGA. 


In the first division the following families are included, being the old genus Carazus 


subdivided into 
7 CICINDELIDZ. 
CARABIDE. 


c® 
GEODEPHAGA : HarpaLipe. 


ScaRITIDzZ. 
BRACHINIDE. 


HYDRADEPHAGA : GyniniDz. 


Dyticipz. 


The above is regarded as a normal group, and is followed by an aberrant one, character- 
ized by clavate antenne, or such as become gradually thickened towards the apex, and the 
external lobe of the maxilla losing its palpiform character. This constitutes the Rypopnaca 


of STEPHENS. 


6 My.42 ¢ HF Wickam 


32 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


[ HETEROCERID &? 
PaRNIDs&. 
PHILHYDRIDA : HELopHoripe. 
HyprorHiLipz. 
SrH®RIDIUID AM? 


ScapHipip&. 

SInpHID A. 
NECROPHAGA : NitipuLip&. 
Encip&. 
DERMESTID &. 


on 


STAPHYLINID A. 
STENID &. 
BRACHELYTRA : Omaipz. 
PsELAPHID &. 
TACHYPORIDE. 


Wesrwoop, however, in his work on the British genera, adopts, in preference to the 
foregoing, the tarsal system, and hence recognizes the following subdivision : 


1. Penramera : tarsi with five joints ; 

2. Hereromera ; the four anterior tarsi 5-jointed, and the two posterior 4-jointed ; 
3. PsEUDOTETRAMERA ; tarsi 5-jointed, the fourth exceedingly minute ; 

4, Psevporrimera : tarsi 4-jointed, the third joint very diminutive and concealed. 


Cicindelide. 


Tue family of beetles, which are known under this name, are among the most beautiful of 
the insect tribes : their colors are brilliant, and their markings add to the beauty and 
elegance of the colors by contrast. In size they occupy a middle ground : the largest 
scarcely exceed an inch in length, and the smallest are at least one-third of an inch long. 
Their habits are as interesting as their colors are beautiful : their watchfulness is untiring ; 
and though their flight is short, it is difficult to capture them. In the nature of their in- 
stincts they agree with the carnivora among the vertebrate class of animals : they are 
flesh-eaters ; but in order that they may capture and secure the living insect as their prey, 
they are qualified to give chase either on the wing or on foot,and they make war upon all 
insects that are not too strong for them. The cicindelide hunt upon sandy and arid plains, 
and seem to delight in the heating rays of the sun; for in hot days they appear far more 
numerous, flying and alighting upon the ground before us in dry paths, and turning their 
heads watchfully towards us when they rest for a moment. 


s 


FAMILY CICINDELIDA. 33 


As the cicindele subsist solely upon other insects, or, in other words, are carnivorous, 
they cannot be regarded as injurious to the farmer : they are rather beneficial than de- 
trimental to his interests. Their markings, together with their predacious habits, have 
given them the name of ¢iger beetles. It is evident, from the prominence and size of their 
eyes, that they are well provided with one essential power to enable them to pursue suc- 
cessfully the means of subsistence, namely, keenness of vision. So too their jaws or man- 
dibles are powerful : their legs, however, are long and slender, and are adapted rather for 
quick movements than for the performance of feats of strength. 

The larve of the cicindele are no less predacious than the perfect animal. They are 
represented by Wesrwoop and others as having a large head armed with powerful jaws, 
and capable of burrowing in the earth to the depth of a foot. At the mouth of this burrow 
they lie in wait for their prey, which they seize and drag to the bottom to devour at their 
leisure. To aid in ascending and descending these burrows, they are provided with two 
hooks on the back : some observers, however, suppose these hooks may assist in holding 
their prey, when bent in a suitable manner ; for, on entering the mouth of the burrow with 
their prey, they suddenly slide to the bottom. 

These insects, then, in all their stages, are predacious ; and inasmuch as their numbers 


are less than those of many allied families, and their instincts are such as require a higher 


development of locomotive apparatus, they may well be regarded as occupying the highest 
rank in the articulated class. e 

The CictypeLi are in general easily distinguished : their colors are usually green or 
gray combined with a brassy or bronzed tint, with whitish spots for ornament in combina- 
tion with brindle spots or angulated lines, which give them all a pleasing and indeed an 
elegant appearance. From their powers of flight, the cicindele have sometimes received’ 
the name of Eupterinea. 

The family Crcinpetipa: has been divided by Mr. Harxis into the following groups : 


1. Labrum with three teeth ; thorax contracted behind. 
2. Labrum 1-toothed ; thorax quadrangular, flattened above and dilated bzhind. 
3. Labrum one toothed ; thorax nearly cylindrical. 


1. Labrum provided with three teeth; thorax contracted behind. 
CICINDELA. 


The genus Cicrnpeva, as defined by Westwoop, is described as follows : The males have 
their anterior tarsi elongated and dilated. The elytra are oblong-ovate and depressed. 
Thorax subquadrate. Internal maxillary palpi with joints nearly equal in length ; the two 
basal joints of the labial palpi short, the third is elongate and ciliate, and the fourth 
clavate and naked. Antenne are inserted into the anterior margin of the eyes. The head 

[ AcricutturaL Rerorr — VoL. v.] 5 


34 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


is broader than the thorax,and the forehead is excavated : the eyes are large and promi- 
nent ; elytra flat ; wings two. 2 

The larvee of the cicindele have nearly the same habits as the perfect insect : they 
construct their habitations in the ground, penetrating it to the depth of eighteen inches, 
which labor is performed by means of their mandibles and legs. The hooks upon their 
backs aid them efficiently in ascending and descending their burrows : by means of these. 
hooks or appendages, they suspend themselves at the mouths of their holes, and await for 
their prey. 

The larve are long, cylindric, soft, whitish grubs, and furnished with six feet. The head 
and first joint of the body are described as metallic green above and brown beneath. The 
head i8 quite large, armed with two long, sharp, and nearly vertical mandibles. Upon the 
back there are fleshy tubercles clothed with hairs : each of these tubercles is armed with 
a recurved horny spine. (See Plate xvii, figs. 9, 10, 11 : copied from Rarzpere, Forst. 
Insecten.) 


CicINDELA VULGARIS. : ( Plate xvii, fig. 10.) 

Labrum and base of the mandibles yellowish white. Elytra marked with three oblique 

lines, yellowish white and angulated : these lines are in the form of lunules ; the 
one past the middle is double. 


Length of the male 4, of the female 73 of an inch. 
Say in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, I, 409; Pl. xiii, fig. 1. 


This species appears early in the spring, continuing until about the first of June : It 
reappears in August, and continues two months, and perhaps longer if the weather is 
favorable. 


CIcINDELA GENEROSA. ( Plate xvii, fig. 2.) 


Color obscurely eup: cous above. Elytra bright purplish or subviolaceous ; lateral margin 
entire ; humera! and terminal Iunule broad and white ; intermediate band bent at a 
right angle, and occupying nearly the centre of the elytron : at its extremity it is 
widened, and extends nearly to the suture. 

Length varying but little from 3 of an inch. 

Head is varied with cupreous and violet : the front is supplied with prostrate ashy hair. 

Labrum white ; anterior edge furnished with three teeth. Antenne, or their anterior 
. margins, cupreous. Mandibles with about 3 of the anterior and lateral portions white, 
the rest black. 

Trunk cupreous, varied with violet; sides hairy ; thorax quadrate, and somewhat nar- 
rowed behind. Elytra bright subviolaceous, deeply punctured with green. Feet and 
thighs bright green, above brassy. Abdomen greenish blue, hairy ; tail purplish. 


FAMILY CICINDELID. 30 


This species, like the vulgaris, has two broods in the year ; the first appearing in May, 
the second in August. It lives in sandy districts, frequenting the sea-beaches, and is one 
of our largest species. 


CICcINDELA REPANDIS. ~ 
The markings of the repandis resemble those of the vulgaris : the cream or yellowish 
white of the labrum extends to half of the mandibles, and the insert is smaller; the 
lunules are wider and more dilated, the middle one extending to near the suture behind. 


CicINDELA PURPUREA. 


Purple. Head, thorax and elytra bordered with green combined with steel-blue and bril- 
liant green. Thorax margined with brilliant purple ; legs purple. Lunule upon the 
elytra obsolete. There is a cream-colored dot upon the outer angle of the shoulder, an 
obsolete lunule behind the middle, a spot upon the outer and posterior angle, and a 
bar upon the margin inside of the green edge. 


Length half of an inch. 
Say, Trans. Am. Phil. Society, New series, II, 55; Pl. xiii, fig. 8. 


CicINDELA PATRUELA (Jj.). 


Bottle-green above, steel-blue and green beneath. Outer angle of the elytra marked with 
two ovoidal spots, nearly united by narrow and pointed elongations ; middle marked 
transversely by an oblique bar, posterior by a large round dot, and margin by a line 
inside of the purple edge. The lunules may be described as broken. 

It is rather more than half an inch in length, and nearly a quarter of an inch wide. 

Head is bright green with bluish, naked, and finely granulated ; labrum dingy white ; 
teeth three, with six marginal punctures. Mandibles have a white spot at base : the 
four basal joints of the antenne green ; terminal one rufous. 

* Thorax convex, narrowed behind, granulated. Beneath bluish green; legs green; tro- 
chanters purple. 
It has a wide range, according to Goutp ; being found in North-Carolina, and in Ver- 
mont as far north as Burlington. 


- CicINDELA GUTTATA.. 


Brilliant steel-blue and green. Labrum light buff rather than cream-color. Outer edge or 
surface of the mandible buff; middle and outer angle of the elytra dotted : posterior 
margin has a short transverse bar inside of the green edge. 

Length rather less than half an inch, and } in width. 
Say in Trans. Am. Phil. Society, New series, PI. xiii, fig. 4.. 


36 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


CicinpELA ALBILABRIS ( White-lipped Cicindela). 


Labrum white, obsoletely tridentate, rather prominent in the middle. Elytra broadly 
punctured, with three marginal spots and a broken discoidal band, all white. 


Krrsy : figured on Plate I in Richardson’s N. A. Fauna. 


Body underneath green, or golden green clouded with blue ; above, black with a purplish 
tint. Labrum white, prominent, armed in the middle with three short teeth, the lateral 
ones obtuse ; above, with an intermediate obtuse longitudinal ridge. Elytra, under a 
powerful magnifier, covered with innumerable minute granules, and also with nu- 
merous shallow impressions : a series of larger ones is parallel with the suture ; the 
angular white discoidal band reaches neither the suture, nor the lateral margin. 
There are also three marginal white dots, one humeral, another between it and the 
band, and one between the latter and the apex. 

Length of the body, 6 — 63 inches. 

Kirsy remarks, that though this species is common in this country, it is not noticed by 
Say, who perhaps mistook it for C. sylvatica (Liyy.), “of which it may be regarded as the 
American representative, and with which it agrees in its prominent upper lip and the 
shallow impressions and markings of its elytra, as well as in its general color; but it is 
smaller, has a white instead of a black upper lip, with an obtuse longitudinal ridge and 
not an acute one, terminating in three almost obtuse short teeth instead of a longer one, 
and likewise by the want of the silky lustre produced by granulations much more visible.” 


3. Labrum with one tooth; thorax nearly cylindrical, sometimes elongated. 
CicINDELA HIRTICOLLIS. 


Insect purplish gray above and brilliant green beneath. Outer anterior angle of the elytra 
marked with cream-colored spots : there is another just behind the middle lunule, .- 
followed by another near the inner margin ; posterior and outer margin marked by a 
lunule. The lunules and spots less conspicuous than in the vulgaris or repandis. 

Length rather less than half an inch ; female, half an inch. 


CricINDELA ALBOHIRTA. ( Plate xvii, fig. 1.) 


Insect, head and thorax brassy green ; hairs erect and white ; sides brilliant and cupreous. 


Elytra subviolaceous. Lunules and margin white, with the intermediate recurved band. 
Govup : Cicindele of Massachusetts, in the Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. i, p. 49; pl. iii, fig. 1. 


‘The head is cupreous varied with blue and green, and densely covered with long hoary 
‘hairs except behind the eyes; labrum white ; marginal punctures ten; mandible 


. 


FAMILY CICINDELID. 37 


‘Jong and dark green; tips and teeth black, with a white spot at base; palpi yel- 
‘ lowish white ; terminal joints green. Trunk brilliant cupreous at the sides. Thorax 


‘ quadrate, brassy green, hairy. Elytra densely punctured.’ 
; 7 Govutp, Trans. Bost. Nat. Hist. Society. 
Abdomen greenish blue ; tail purple. 


According to Goutp, it is closely allied to the hirticollis, with which it has been con- 
founded. 


CicINDELA PUNCTULATA. 


Color obscure cupreous. Elytra purplish green and blue; beneath varied with blue and 
purple: An angular cream-colored line runs along the outer and posterior margin of 
the elytra; the anterior and outer angle marked with cream-color. 

According to Govuxp, it has but a single brood in a season, which appears about the 
middle of July and remains till September- 
Common in dry places, paths in fields, ete. 


CicinDELA pDUODECIMGUTTATA ( Dejean). ( Plate xvii, fig. 3.) 


Insect bronze above. Elytra with a narrow interrupted lunule, with spots near the suture 
replacing the termination of the lunule. Head pale and obscurely bronze ; front pu- 
bescent with cinereous hairs; labrum white; mandibles dark green, with a white 
spot at base ; palpi dark green. Trunk quadrate and rather short ; feet green ; thighs 
cupreous. Beneath metallic greenish or blue ; sides of the thorax and breast cupreous. 


It is a common species, and appears early. 
Goutp in Trans. Bost. Nat, Hist. Society, Pl. iii, fig. 3. 


CicinDELA HHMORRHOIDALIS ( Hentz). ( Plate xvii, fig. 5.) 


Henrz, Trans. Am. Phil. Society, New series, III, 254; pl. ii, fig. 2. 
Hargis, New-England Farmer, VII, 91. 
C. hentzii, Desean, Spec. des Coléopteres, V. 1- 


Color bluish black above, or obscurely cupreous. Smal] humeral lunule entire 3 posterior 
one subentire ; intermediate one sinuate and angular, white. Marginal dot white. 
Abdomen ferruginous. 

Length variable, not exceeding half an inch : one of the smallest of the species. 

Head cupreous, with two lines between the eyes ; eyes large and prominent, brown, with 
-fine strie around them ; basal joints of the antenne bronzed green, the others obscure 
brown ; labrum dingy white, somewhat rounded before, with six marginal punctures 
bearing hairs; mandibles short, dark green ; second joint of labials whitish. Thorax 
quadrate, as long as broad, obscure eupreous ; marginal impressed lines greenish blue ; 


36 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


CicrnpeLa ALpriasris ( While-lipped Cicindela). 


Labrum white, obsoletely tridentate, rather prominent in the middle. Elytra broadly 
punctured, with three marginal spots and a broken discoidal band, all white. 


Kirsy ; figured on Plate I in Richardson’s N. A. Fauna. 


Body underneath green, or golden green clouded with blue ; above, black with a purplish 
tint. Labrum white, prominent, armed in the middle with three short teeth, the lateral 
ones obtuse ; above, with an intermediate obtuse longitudinal ridge. Elytra, under a 
powerful magnifier, covered with innumerable minute granules, and also with nu- 
merous shallow impressions : a series of larger ones is parallel with the suture ; the 
angular white discoidal band reaches neither the suture, nor the lateral margin. 
There are also three marginal white dots, one humeral, another between it and the 
band, and one between the latter and the apex. 

Length of the body, 6 — 63 inches. 

Kirey remarks, that though this species is common in this country, it is not noticed by 
Say, who perhaps mistook it for C. sylvatica (Liny.), “of which it may be regarded as the 
American representative, and with which it agrees in its prominent upper lip and the 
shallow impressions and markings of its elytra, as well as in its general color ; but it is 
smaller, has a white instead of a black upper lip, with an obtuse longitudinal ridge and 
not an acute one, terminating in three almost obtuse short teeth instead of a longer one, 
and likewise by the want of the silky lustre produced by granulations much more visible.” 


3. Labrum with one tooth; thorax nearly cylindrical, sometimes elongated. 


CicINDELA HIRTICOLLIs. 


Insect purplish gray above and brilliant green beneath. Outer anterior angle of the elytra 
marked with cream-colored spots : there is another just behind the middle lunule, 
followed by another near the inner margin ; posterior and outer margin marked by a 
lunule. The lunules and spots less conspicuous than in the vulgaris or repandis. 

Length rather less than half an inch ; female, half an inch. 


CicINDELA ALBOHIRTA. ( Plate xvii, fig. 1.) 


Insect, head and thorax brassy green ; hairs erect and white ; sides brilliant and cupreous. 


Elytra subviolaceous. Lunules and margin white, with the intermediate recurved band. 
Gounp : Cicindele of Massachusetts, in the Boston Journal of Natural History, Vol. i, p. 49; pl. iii, fig. 1. 


‘The head is cupreous varied with blue and green, and densely covered with long hoary 
‘hairs except behind the eyes; labrum white; marginal punctures ten; mandible 


FAMILY CICINDELID. 37 


‘Jong and dark green; tips and teeth black, with a white spot at base; palpi yel- 
‘ lowish white ; terminal joints green. Trunk brilliant cupreous at the sides. Thorax 


‘ quadrate, brassy green, hairy. Elytra densely punctured.’ 
, 3 Goutp, Trans. Bost. Nat. Hist. Seciety. 
Abdomen greenish blue; tail purple. 


According to Gouxp, it is closely allied to the hirticollis, with which it has been con- 
founded. 


CicINDELA PUNCTULATA. 


Color obscure cupreous. Elytra purplish green and blue; beneath varied with blue and 
purple: An angular cream-colored line runs along the outer and posterior margin of 
the elytra ; the anterior and outer angle marked with cream-color. 

According to Goutp, it has but a single brood in a season, which appears about the 
middle of July and remains till September. 
Common in dry places, paths in fields, ete. 


CictnpDELA puobpEcIMeGuTTATA ( Dejean). ( Plate xvii, fig. 3.) 


Insect bronze above. Elytra with a narrow interrupted lunule, with spots near the suture 
replacing the termination of the lunule. Head pale and obscurely bronze ; front pu- 
bescent with cinereous hairs; labrum white; mandibles dark green, with a white 
spot at base ; palpi dark green. Trunk quadrate and rather short ; feet green ; thighs 
cupreous. Beneath metallic greenish or blue ; sides of the thorax and breast cupreous. 


It is a common species, and appears early. 
Govurp in Trans. Bost. Nat. Hist. Society, Pl. iii, fig. 3. 


CicinDELA HmMORRHOIDALIs ( Hentz). ( Plate xvii, fig. 5.) 


Henrz, Trans. Am. Phil. Society, New series, III, 254; pl. ii, fig. 2. 
Harris, New-England Farmer, VII, 91. 
C. hentzii, Drsean, Spec. des Coléopteres, V. 1. 


Color bluish black above, or obscurely cupreous. Smal] humeral lunule entire 3 posterior 
one subentire ; intermediate one sinuate and angular, white. Marginal dot white. 
Abdomen ferruginous. 

Length variable, not exceeding half an inch : one of the smallest of the species. 

Head cupreous, with two lines between the eyes ; eyes large and prominent, brown, with 

-fine striz around them ; basal joints of the antenne bronzed green, the others obscure 
brown; labrum dingy white, somewhat rounded before, with six marginal punctures 
bearing hairs; mandibles short, dark green ; second joint of labials whitish. Thorax 
quadrate, as long as broad, obscure eupreous ; marginal impressed lines greenish blue ; 


38 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


sides hairy. Elytra bluish black or obscure cupreous ; humeral lunule nearly inter- 
rupted in the middle, and dilated at the extremities ; intermediate band composed 
of two imperfect semicircles, or two crescents united at their tips; legs long, bluish 
green; trochanters purple. Head and thorax metallic blue beneath; breast green ; 
sides hairy. Govtp, Trans. iat Hist. Soc. Boston, p. 52-3. 


Discovered by Dr. T. W. Harris on the summit of Blue hill in Milton (Massachusetts), 
occupying the naked rock and the patches of mosses growing thereon. Its name is derived 
from the fact, that in flying, its abdomen appears like a drop of blood suspended to its 
tail. 


APPENDIX TO CICINDELA. 


CicrnpELA campgstRis (Linn.). ( Plate xvii, fig. 6.) 


Above dull green, sometimes richly resplendent with coppery and golden reflections. 
Elytra very finely shagreened, green, with from three to six pale spots on each, dis- 
posed one externally on the shoulder, three on the outer edge of the elytra, one on the 
tip and one in the disk. Beneath green, withrich coppery red hues ; legs bright copper 
glossed with green, especially on the tarsi; Jabrum whitish. 

Steruens, p. 11, illustrations, ete. 
This is a common European species, introduced here for the purpose of comparison with 
ours. 


Carabide. 


Tue insects embraced in this natural family, or group, possess several characters in com- 
mon, by which they are distinguished from the cicindelide, and from those which are to 
follow. The distinguishing characters, as given by systematic writers, are as follows : 


‘ Anterior tibiz without emargination on the inner side. Head narrower than the thorax ; 
“eyes rather prominent ; palpi with the terminal joints often compressed, large, and 
‘somewhat triangular in shape ; mandibles simple, moderately long and rather thick.’ 


This family is divided by Westwoop into five sub-families, each embracing several allied 
genera. With the intention of giving these sub-families a natural arrangement, Westwoop 
places first upon the list the Brachinides, which stand near the head of the GropErHaca ; 
and ends with the Bembidiides, the sub-aquatics, or the sub-family which links the Gxo- 
DEPHAGA With the HyproprepHaca. The order, then, in which the several sub-families stand 
to each other, is as follows : 


FAMILY CARABIDZE. 39 


1. Anterior tibia notched on the inside. 


1. Bracuinipes : Bombardiers. Elytra truncated behind. Tarsi of the males seldom dilated at 
the base. 

2. Scaritipes : Burrowers. Elytra rounded at the extremity. Abdomen pedunculated. 

3. Harpvauives : Blackclocks. Elytra rounded behind. Abdomen sessile. 


11. Anterior tibia without a notch near the tip. 


a 


. Canasives : Dischargers. 
. Bempipies : Subequatics. This sub-family is distinguished from the four preceding by its 
palpi being terminated by a minute conical joint, while the same organ in the former is 


terminated by a joint equally large with the others. 


or 


The habits of these sub-families differ from each other in many respects. The most 
important fact, however, which should be stated respecting the numerous species belonging 
to this family, is that they are friendly to the farmer. Many of them live upon refuse mat- 
ter : some deyour those insects that are injurious to the farmer : hence they should not 
be destroyed ; and not only so, but it seems even possible.to employ some species of them 
for the very purpose of extirpating injurious insects. To exhibit the mode in which this 
may be accomplished, I copy the following communication from Prof. Hatpeman, which 
he had translated from the fifth volume of the Revue Zoologique. The facts and remarks 
are quite important, and should be generally known, and therefore no apology is required 
for introducing them in this place. 

‘« There is,” says M. Borsciravp, “a numerous family, composed of carnivorous species, 
most of them robust and very voracious, which may be multiplied with impunity, and 
without fear, in our gardens. They do not, indeed, feed upon plants, which they are called 
to protect : on the contrary, they and their larve make great havoe of the herbivorous 
insects, and at the same time of the limaces and helices,” or land-snails, with and without 
shells; which, in Europe, are destructive to vegetation, but cannot be considered in the 
light of noxious animals in America. Nevertheless we are occasionally put in possession of 
the means to destroy them, taken from English horticultural works; just as we are told 
how to protect ourselves from insects which are not found upon our side of the Atlantie. 
This is principally owing to the fact that the same vulgar name is applied to distinct objects 
in Europe and America. 

‘ The insects alluded to are the carabide. “Well, who would believe it,’ continues the 
author, “the greater part of the cultivators crush these powerful auxiliaries with a kind 
of avidity ; whilst the butterfly, which is to give birth to numerous caterpillars, which 
afterwards devour their plants, is the object of their admiration, and frequently even of 
their protection. A multitude of noxious insects, after having for several years committed 
ravages upon our property, disappeared suddenly, without our being made acquainted with 


40 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


the cause. In looking more closely into these matters, one might be assured, that in most 
cases, an enemy of the insect which has disappeared, has produced the happy result. I can 
furnish some proofs in support of this opinion. 

¢ « The thick foliage of'a fine avenue of poplars was all at once attacked by an immense 
quantity of the caterpillars of Bombyx dispar. I thought of giving them the Calosoma 
sycophanta for company; as, like them, it passes its life upon the trees, feeding upon the 
caterpillars which it meets, and even deposits its eggs in their nest, that its voracious 
progeny may procure nourishment more easily and in greater abundance. Well! this insect 
multiplied itself with a rapidity truly astonishing ; and the caterpillars disappeared, with- 
out those who were witnesses to the destruction having the least idea of the causes which 
produced it.” The author then gives it as his opinion that the neighborhood of the city of 
Toulouse is so little ravaged by the Melolontha vulgaris, which is so destructive in other 
parts of France, because the Carabus auratus is very common in the fields, meadows and 
gardens. It is known, he remarks, that the Carabus auratus seizes and devours the Melo- 
lontha previous to the deposition of its eggs ; and that it is more fond of these, than of any 
part of the insect. 

¢“ One would be much deceived,” he continues, “in believing that it is always easy to 
make an advantageous use of this means of destruction, a profound study of the manners of 
insects being often indispensable to arrive at the end proposed.” Here is an example : “The 
most robust of our carabi, the Procrustes coriaceus (Liyneus), had served me admirably in 
the centre of France to destroy the little insects which attack the plants in gardens : here 
(in the south) this insect does not destroy the same species; and although very common, it 
is unknown, or hardly every met with. The reason is, that in the centre, the west, and 
probably the north of France, this procrustes is diurnal, requiring only cool and shady 
places : with us (in the south, under a warmer climate) it is, on the contrary, essentially 
nocturnal, and therefore destroys only such insects as are, like itself, nocturnal, or which 
remain within its reach during the obscurity of night.” : ; 

¢“In transporting into my garden twenty of the Carabus auratus, I had thought to 
destroy the collections of Forficula (no destructive species found in America) which had 
chosen it for the theatre of their ravages.” To his great astonishment, the carabi, which 
will actually destroy the forficule, were either found starved to death, or left the place ; 
and the latter continued their devastations! The reason given is, that the forficule are 
essentially nocturnal, and, during the day, keep themselves hidden in crevices into which 
the carabi cannot follow them : these latter, too, are only active during the middle of the 
day, and in the heat of the sun. But the resources of our persevering entomologist were 
not yet exhausted; his next expedient being to introduce a smaller carnivorous insect 
common in France, the Staphylinus olens, which, he remarks, “filled all the necessary 
conditions for the destruction of the forficule.” 


FAMILY CARABID. 41 


‘<< You see, then, gentlemen,” says M. Borscrravp, in conclusion, “ that it is indispen- 
sable to study the manners and habits of destructive insects, that their instinct and address 
may be successfully employed for the destruction of the species able to do us injury. Then 
in place of barbarously crushing the useful species which have the misfortune to be not 
always ornamented with the rich colors of the butterfly or the buprestis, we will endeavor 
to protect them and propagate their race. We will find auxiliaries in them the more 
valuable, as they increase with our adversaries, and as they alone are able to rival the 
cunning of these ingenious enemies.” ” 


Brachinides. 


Tue sub-family Bracuinipes may be known by the shortness of the wing-covers, which 
are not sufficiently prolonged to cover the extremity of the abdomen. In addition to this 
character, the head and thorax are narrower than the abdomen. The Jabium is often oval 
or square, and is occasionally furnished with two small] lateral linear lobes. The penulti- 
mate joint of the tarsi is bilobed in many of the small species : the anterior tarsi of the 
males are, very rarely, dilated at the base. Some species are destitute of wings (West- 
woop). 

The most curious fact connected with the natural history of this sub-family is the 
means by which they defend themselves against the attack of an enemy. When pursued, 
they suddenly discharge from behind a highly volatile and elastic fluid, possessing con- 
siderable pungency : this sudden discharge, which is accompanied with an explosion, 
both irritates and confuses the pursuer, so that the intended victim has opportunity to 
escape. From this singular mode of defence, these insects have received the name of 
bombardiers. The fluid discharged is caustic, and stains the skin yellowish brown. They 
live under stones, logs or boards in fields. Several individuals are often found in the 
spring together, as if their habits were of a social nature. 


Grexus BRACHINUS ( Weser). 
‘ Body oval, convex ; thorax narrow; labrum transverse; tarsi simple; palpi filiform ; 
‘ claws simple.” Westwoop. 


Bracuinus PerpLexvs ( Dj.). (Plate xvii, fig.-7.) 
Head, thorax, abdomen and legs light brick-red. Elytra bluish black, faintly grooved. 


Bracuinus cepuaores (Dj.). ; ( Plate xviii, fig. 4.) 
Head, thorax, abdomen and legs light brick-red. Elytra blue-green, or with a reflexion 
of green ; the metallic hues stronger than in the perplexus : body also proportionally 
shorter, and more obiuse behind. Length about three-tenths of an inch. 
[ Acricotturat Rerort — Vot, v.] 6 


42 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


BRACHINUS CONFORMIS. (Plate xviii, fig. 5.) 
Head, thorax and legs brick-red. Elytra blue lustrous, or semi-metallic. Abdomen dark 
brown. Length one-fourth of an inch. | 


BracHINUS FUMANS. ( Plate xviii, fig. 6.) 
Head, thorax, under and anterior part of the abdomen, and legs brick-red. Elytra pur- 
plish. Sides of the abdomen brown. Length about half an inch. 
Found under stones, rails, ete. in June, July and August. Not uncommon in New- 
England and New-York. 


Genus CIMINDIS (Larremze). Tarvs (Clairville). 


‘Body depressed; thorax cordate truncate; claws denticulated ; tarsi simple ; labial 
‘ palpi of the males with the basal joint securiform’ (Werstwoop). 


CimMINDIS PILOSUs. ( Plate xviii, fig. 13.) 
Insect dark brown, pilose ; legs light brown. Head and thorax about two-thirds the length 
of the abdomen, which is rounded, and nearly covered by the elytra. 


Genus GALERITA (Fas.). Potysticuus (Bar.). 


‘Body depressed ; head triangular; thorax subcordate ; palpi long; tarsi simple; men- 
‘tum tooth triangular’ (Werstwoop). 


GALERITA AMERICANA (L.). (Plate xviii, fig. 12.) 
Head elongate, small and black or brownish black ; thorax and legs bright red. Elytra 
blue-black, submetallic with cupreous reflexions. Length from six- to seven-tenths 

_ of an inch. 


Gexus LEBIA (Latr.). 


‘ Body depressed, broad ; thorax transverse, lobed behind ; penultimate joints of the tarsi 
‘ bilobed’ (Westwoop). 


LEBIA ATRIVENTRIS (Say). ( Plate xviii, fig. 2. 
Head, thorax and legs brick-red ; elytra and abdomen glossy black. The lower and an- 
terior part of the abdomen is of the same color as the thorax, and the upper surface 
of the tarsi is black. Length one-fourth of an inch. 


FAMILY CARABIDE. 43 


LeBIA SMARAGDULA (Dj.). ( Plate xviii, fig. 3.) 
Head, thorax and elytra brilliant metallic blue-green ; lower side glossy black. Length? 


Lesia virinis (Say). ( Plate xviii, fig. 1.) 
Brilliant green above, glossy black below ; legs black. Length from three- to four-tenths 
of an inch. 


L. smaragdula and viridis scarcely differ either in color or size. 


Scaritides. 


Tue most remarkable peculiarity in this sub-family is the wide space between the thorax 
and abdomen, by which the latter appears pedunculated : the posterior angles of the 
former are also so rounded, that its form is lunate. The antenne are short, moniliform, 
and the first joint is the longest; the head is large; the tibie of the anterior legs are 
broad and dentated, having the appearance of being palmated. The mandibles are large 
and powerful, and armed with broad teeth ; labrum short, entire or dentate, sometimes 
trilobate ; mentum tridentate, with the middle tooth strong ; labial palpi two- and four- 
jointed. 

The scaritides are carnivorous, and in this respect bear a close resemblance to the allied 
subfamilies : some living in the ground, upon other insects or their larve ; and some 
frequenting the seacoast, burrowing in the sand, and living upon the dead careases of 
shrimps. In this State, they burrow in the ground, or live under stones. A large species 
is found in decaying logs in North-Carolina, some ten or fifteen being frequently found 
_ together in one situation. 


Genus SCARITES (Fas.). Teneprio (Linn.). 


‘Oblong, subdepressed ; antenne elbowed ; mandibles with strong teeth internally ; 
‘ external maxillary palpi and terminal joint of the labia nearly cylindric ; mentum 
‘trilobate. Antenne with the basal joint subconic; thorax broad, lunate ; body 
‘depressed ; anterior tibie strongly palmated, the rest simple’ (Srrepneys). 


ScaRITES SUBTERRANEUwS (Fab.). ( Plate xviii, fig. 14.) 

Color black ; thorax marked with a fine central line. Thorax and head equal the abdomen 

in length, the latter supported on a short peduncle. Length eight-tenths of an inch. 

The insect, in consequence of its pedunculated abdomen, appears as if bisected. It is a 

nocturnal feeder, and is found quite abundantly in Central New-York. Its singular form 
renders it easy to be distinguished. 


44 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Genus CLIVINA (Latr.). : 


‘Labrum quadrate, transverse ; mandibles short, denticulated from the base to the apex ; 
‘ terminal joint of the labial palpi nearly cylindric ; basal joint of the anteunz stout, 
‘the second long; body elongated, subdepressed ; thorax quadrate ; anterior tibiz 
‘ palmated externally and at the tip’ (SrepHEns). 


Cuivina LINEOLATA (Say). ( Plate xviii, fig. 11.) 
Color light glossy brown ; thorax rounded behind and narrowed before, marked by three 
distinct lines ; elytra marked by distinctly punctate lines, of which there are about 
five to each elytrum. Length two- to three-tenths of a line. 
Found under stones. 


Genus DYSCHIRIUS ( Panzer). 


Body elongated, subcylindrie at the tip; thorax globular or globose; tibie rarely pal- 
mated. 


Dyscuirivs GLopuosus (Say). ( Plate xviii, fig. 15.) 
Insect brown, glossy ; thorax globose, smooth ; elytra punctated. Length scarcely two- 
tenths of a line. 


Harpalides. 


Tue elytra of this sub-family cover the abdomen; the extremity is rounded : they are 
also sessile, and not pedunculated. The anterior tibie are deeply notched near their tips, 
and, in the males, the basal joints are dilated. The mentum is emarginate, though it is 
oceasionally entire : the centre of the emargination has generally a spine. The antenne 
are filiform ; labrum quadrate, rarely bilobate, but sometimes emarginate in front; man- 
dibles generally with one or more denticulations ; mentum deeply emarginate anteriorly, 
the emargination simple or sometimes toothed ; body elongate. 

These insects are not so voracious as those of the succeeding family, the Caraxnrors. 
The predominant colors are black, while a few of them are adorned with brilliant metal- 
lic hues. Some are apterous, and run remarkably well. The larva, like the perfect insect, 
lives beneath stones, and feeds upon other insects or their larve. They are eylindrie and 
elongate, but slightly flattened or depressed ; and they have twelve rings, which are more 
or less scaly : the last ring is armed with two small processes. 

The sub-family contains many genera, which, though related to each other, are not 
readily separable into groups. Sternens divides them into three groups, viz : 


FAMILY CARABIDA. 45 


A. Mentum emarginate, and without a tooth. 
B. Mentum emarginate : emargination furnished with a bifid tooth. 
C, Mentum emarginate, and furnished with a simple tooth. 


Genus AGONUM. Canrasus (Lin.). 


*‘ Anterior tarsi with elongated joints ; mentum tooth simple ; thorax rounded’ ( WEst- 
woop). 


AGONUM OCTOPUNCTATUM. ( Plate xviii, fig. 8.) 

Head, thorax and elytra brilliant green above, and traversed through the middle by a 

bronze belt ; greenish bronze below. Elytra marked with four punctures each towards 
their inner margins. 


AGONUM CUPRIPENNE. ( Plate xviii, fig. 9.) 
Body and thorax brilliant green; elytra brilliant bronze or green, as the light favors the 
reflexions. Elytra faintly lined, and punctured upon the marginal line. 


Genus HARPALUS (Larr.). 

‘ Palpi, external maxillary and labial with the terminal joint fusiform and truneate, and 
‘ of equal length with the preceding, which is clavate ; labrum subquadrate, slightly 
‘emarginate ; mandibles short; mentum deeply notched, with an obtuse simple 
‘lobe in the centre ; antenne with two basal joints, naked; thorax transverse, sub- 
‘quadrate. Anterior and intermediate tarsi of the males with three dilated joints’ 
( STEPHENS). 


Harpatus pLevuriticus (Raf.). ( Plate xix, fig. 16.) 
Chesinut-brown; sides, both of the elytra and thorax, nearly straight, obtuse behind. 
Length half an inch. The thorax is smooth, and without punctures upon the angles, 

and the male is darker than the female. 


HarpaLvts BICOLOR. ( Plate xix, fig. 15.) 
Color dark chestnut-brown. Sides rather curved, and posterior angles of the abdomen and 
elytra rounded. Length six-tenths of an inch. 
The thorax is marked by a central line, which extends to the posterior margin : pos- 
teriorly it is indented by two impressions, and sculptured like the fawnus. 


Harpatus FAuNvS (Say). ( Plate xix, fig. 14.) 
Color reddish brown, nearly uniform. The thorax is longer than in the pleuriticus, and 


46 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


the bases of the elytra touch the sternum. The head is smaller than in the preceding 
species. Length five-tenths of an inch. 
The head is without punctures, except on the posterior and lateral angles, and the 
thoracic line does not extend to either margin. Color beneath of a light fawn. 


HARPALUS ERRATICUS. ( Plate xix, fig. 13.) 
Color light brown or rufous, narrow, elongate ; thorax wider in front than posteriorly ; 
elytra slightly truncate, exposing the point of the abdomen. Length six-tenths of 
an inch. 
The male is furnished with strong mandibles, and, in both sexes, the brown elytra are 
darker than the glossy head and thorax. 


Genus PANGUS (Zereu.). Hanrparus (Stephens). 


- Palpi with the terminal joint subcylindric : thorax narrowed behind ; angles rounded ; 
‘ antenne rather short’ (Westwoop). 


PANGUS CALIGINOSUS. (Plate x, fig. 7.) 
Color black and rather dull, rather glossy beneath : the thorax has a broad transverse 
elevation. Elytra marked by about eight impunctate lines; outer border obscurely 
punctate : legs furnished with rows of reddish spines and cilia. Length eight-tenths 
of an inch. 

Pangus caliginosus is found sometimes upon the seedbearing tops of tall grass ; but it 
is not apparent whether the vegetable, or an insect inhabitant, was the object of pursuit. 
This insect is about an inch long, robust, broad, of a black color, with a large head and 

quadrate prothorax which is wider than long; the elytra with eight impressed striz. 


: Genus AMARA (By.). 
‘Oblong oval, broad, subdepressed ; head ovate; thorax as broad as the elytra; wings 
‘two; mentum-tooth bifid ; last joint of the palpi ovate ; labrum quadrate, slightly 
‘ emarginate ; mandibles short, denticulated at base ; elytra somewhat emarginate at 
‘ the tip. Anterior tarsi of the males with three dilated joints’ (SrepHens}. 


AMARA IMpUNCTICOLLIs (Say). ( Plate xix, fig. 11.) 
Color black with a strong purplish hue, or a cupreous lustre nearly uniform in tint. Length 
about four-tenths of an inch. 
The genus Amara is said to have been observed in Europe eating the seeds of immature 
grain; but the damage that insects of carnivorous families are likely to do, are trifling in 
comparison to the benefits they confer. oJ 


FAMILY CARABIDA. 47 


Genus AGONODERUS (Ds.). 


Head subquadrate ; thorax subquadrate, slightly narrowed behind, elongate : the thorax 
equals in width the base of the elytra. 


AGONODERUS PALLIPES. ( Plate xix, fig. 5.) 
Head black or very dark brown; thorax, elytra and legs brown : middle of the thorax 
darker. Inner margins of the elytra darker than the outer and posterior margins. 


Gexus ANISODACTYLUS (Ds.). Hanrazus (Steph.). 


‘ First tarsal joint of the male small, the fourth largest ; mentum-tooth obsolete ; thorax 
‘ subquadrate or trapezoid’ (Westwoop). 


ANISODACTYLUS AGRICOLLIS. (Plate xix, fig. 9.) 
Color dark brown or black; thorax about as wide as the base of the elytra; sides slightly 
curved. Length five-tenths of an inch. 


ANISODACTYLUS RUSTICUS. (Plate xix, fig. 10.) 
Color brown; the thorax rather wider than the base of the elytra. Length nearly half 
an inch. 


ANISODACTYLUS BALTIMORIUS. 
- Head and thorax dark brown; elytra, legs and antenne much lighter, or light chestnut- 
color. Length rather less than half an inch. 


Gexvs CHLCNIUS (Bon.). Cananvs (Lin.). 


‘Palpi with the last joint ovate truncate; mentum-tooth bifid : thorax, in the centre, 
‘ truncate subcordate, broadest behind or subquadrate’ (Westwoop). 


CHLENIUS EMARGINATUS. ( Plate xx, fig. 6.) 

Head black, with green submetallic hues ; thorax bronze, submetallic ; elytra blue-black, 

brilliant : beneath black, punctate, sculptured, but confined mostly to the thorax and 

anterior of the abdomen ; thorax and head above finely punctate; legs, palpi and 
feelers light reddish brown. Length half an inch. 


48 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


CHL@NIUS NEMORALIS. (Plate xx, fig. 5.) 
Head and thorax metallic green ; elytra blue-black, rather brilliant ; legs, palpi and an- 
tenne brown. Length half an inch. 
This species is rather broader than the foregoing. 


CHLENIUS SERICEUS. ( Plate xx, fig. 7.) 
Head, thorax and elytra brilliant green above, glossy black below, punctate; legs, palpi 
and antenne brown. Length from six- to seven-tenths of an inch. 


CHL@NIUS TOMENTOSUS. (Plate xx, fig. 2.) 

Head black, dark bronze, punctate ; elytra dark, bronzed and faint greenish hue, tomen- 
tose. 

CHLENIUS LITHOPHILUS. (Plate xx, fig. 8.) 


Head, thorax and elytra green, brilliant black beneath ; legs, palpi and antenne brown. 
Length four-tenths of an inch. 


Genus TRECHUS (Cuarry.). 
Mentum transverse, tridentate anteriorly ; central tooth shortest; head ovate; thorax 
cordate truncate ; angles mostly rounded. 


TRECHUS CINCTUS. (Plate xix, fig. 8.) 
Small, shining brown; head darker ; elytra rather lighter on the outer than the inner 
margin. Length two-tenths of an inch. 


TRECHUS. CONJUNCTUS. ( Plate xix, fig. 7.) 
Small, shining brown ; head black or dark brown. Length rather more than two-tenths 
of an inch. 


Genus CALATHUS (Bon). Carasus (Lin.). 


Tarsal claws toothed ; palpi simple and rather long ; labial nearly filiform, the terminal 
joint truncate ; labrum transverse, a little emarginate ; mandibles denticulated at the 
base; mentum with a bifid tooth in the centre of the notch ; elytra elliptic; thorax 
subquadrate or trapeziform ; head angular. 


CaLATHUS GREGARIUS. ( Plate xviii, fig. 16.) 
Form ovate; antenne long filiform : head, thorax and elytra of a glossy brown color ; 
margin lighter; legs brown. Length about four-tenths of an inch. 


FAMILY CARABIDA. 49: 


Genus ANCHOMENUS (Bon.). Canrasus (Fab.). 


‘ Mentum-tooth entire ; thorax cordate, posterior angles acute ; elytra oblong, subconvex ; 
‘head as broad as the thorax ; third joint of the antenne twice as long as the second. 
‘ Elytra rather sinuate at the apex. Anterior tarsi of the males with three dilated 
‘joints’ (Wersr. & Srepx.* ). 


ANCHOMENUS EXTENSICOLLIs (Steph.). ( Plate xviii, fig. 10.) 


Head and thorax green, submetallic; elytra purplish bronze, submetallic ; legs light 
brown. Length about four-tenths of an inch. 


Dicerus piratarus (Say). (Plate xxi, fig. 13.) 


Insect large ; thorax nearly as wide as the abdomen. Head black, smooth ; thorax purple, 
indented ‘before and behind. Elytra purple, strongly marked by eight plain lines : 
one begins in the acute upper and outer angle, running rather obliquely, and joins the 
fifth from the inner margin, the two enclosing one line : outer line next the margin 
depressed, and imperfectly punctured. Length about eight-tenths of an inch. 


DiceLus ELoncatus (Say). ( Plate xxi, fig. 9.) 
Insect narrowed ; margin of the thorax and elytra nearly upon the same line, black ; head 
and thorax smooth. Elytra marked with plain lines : line commencing at the outer 
and anterior angle, rather oblique, and becoming more so at the posterior extremity, 
where it coalesces with the other lines, and all together terminate in the posterior and 
inner angle; the dotted line of the margin obsolete. Length about seven-tenths of 

an inch. re 


SpuH£RODERUS sTENOsTOMUS (JDj.). ( Plate xxi, fig. 10.) 

Insect dilated behind, narrowed before; head smooth, shining black ; thorax smooth, 

brilliant steel-blue, punctured behind. Elytva dark purplish upon their disks, bordered 

by rich steel-blue, punctured and lined; lines interrupted posteriorly. Glossy black 
and punctured laterally beneath. Length from five- to six-tenths of an inch. 


* Mr. Srepaens remarks that the ANcHomeNus may be distinguished from Caxutsrus by the elongate form of the 
thorax, and its net being punctate throughout; and from Prarinus, by its acute simple notch in the centre of the: 
mentum. 


bo f 


[ AcricutruraL Report — Vot. v.] 


50 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Carabides 


Constitute the fourth sub-family of the Carasm®. They are distinguished from the other 
subfamilies by the absence of the notch, which, in the allied species, is situated near the 
extremity of the anterior tibie : the only approach made to it, is by the presence of a 
slight groove in the place of the notch at the extremity of the tibia. The elytra are entire, 
and cover the extremity of the abdomen : antenne setaceous ; labrum may be simple, 
bilobate or trilobate ; mandibles simple or merely one-toothed, rarely tridentate ; maxilla 
ciliated internally, and furnished with a claw at the tip; labial palpi four-jointed; men- 
tum large, broad, and generally produced in the centre ; anterior tarsi greatly dilated in 
the males. 

This subfamily contains many large showy insects : they are mostly apterous, and their 
elytra are often elegantly marked with metallic spots, or set off with splendid metallic 
hues. 

The carabides run fast, and are very carnivorous in their habits : hence they should be 
preserved, as they are friendly to the farmer. Some of them discharge a powerful odor 
when taken, which is exhaled from a fluid ejected from the abdomen, and remains a long 
time. 

The Genus Carasus, the typical one of the family, contains, according to Mr. Wesr- 
woop, notwithstanding the restrictions to which it has been subjected, nearly 200 species. 
By far the greater number of these species are confined to northern climes. 


Genus CYCHRUS (Fas.). Ternesrio (Lin.). 


Head long and narrow ; palpi with the last joint large and spoonshaped ; labrum strongly 
bilobate ; mandibles bidentate at the tip; antenne setaceous; mentum quadrate, 
toothless ; thorax truncate ; wings none. 


Cycurus vinuus (JDj.). (Plate xxi, fig. 14.) 

Insect large, dilated behind and narrowed before : head and thorax bluish purple, seulp- 

tured on the borders. Elytra purple, marked by about fifteen strong dotted lines each, 

which are somewhat interrupted behind and partially broken, giving them an ap- 

proach to a zigzag form ; beneath, purplish, inclining to brown or cupreous. Length 

from one to one and a quarter inches. 

This insect may be known by its remarkable elongation of the head and thorax, and its 

dilated elytra and abdomen, the former of which are reflected over the latter. 


FAMILY CARABID. 51 


Genus CARABUS. 


Labrum bilobate ; mandibles furnished with a tooth in the middle ; mentum-tooth entire ; 
thorax subcordate, emarginate behind ; palpi with the last joint securiform ; antenne 
linear, second joint shortest, third cylindric ; wings rudimentary or none. Anterior 
tarsi of males dilated. 


Carasus vinctus ( Weber); C. interruptus (Say). ( Plate xxi, fig. 11.) 

Head and thorax smooth, blue-black. Elytva black, faintly bronzed, and marked with 
punctured lines : the three interrupted lines are sharply elevated, and the metallic 
points are reflected from these interruptions. Length eight- to nine-tenths of an inch. 


Carapus sERRATUS (Say). (Plate xxi, fig. 12.) 

Color black, with blue and purplish hues which are reflected from the margins of the 

elytra and thorax : head and thorax plain and glossy black; margins of the thorax 

elevated and punctured. Elytra thickly punctured in about twelve rows : if taken in 

threes, there are three rows of ovoidal parallel impressions without punctures. Length 
seven- to eight-tenths of an inch. 


Caragus LimBatus (Say). (Plate xxi, fig. 16.) 
Color black : head and thorax smooth and glossy black. Elytra purplish black, bordered 
with blue and purplish hues, and marked by seventeen or eighteen punctured lines : 
three of these lines are broken by stellate or cruciform markings. Length nine-tenths 

of an inch. 


Genus CALOSOMA (Wes.). Carasus (Lin.). 


Labrum bilobed ; thorax transverse, shorter than wide; abdomen subquadrate, wider 
behind than before ; wings large ; palpi with the last joint ovate, truncate; labium 
short broad, the upper margin setose acuminated ; mentum sublinear, rounded late- 
rally, unidentate in the middle. Antennz, second joint shortest ; third longest, com- 
pressed. 


CALOSOMA SCRUTATOR. ( Plate x, fig. 8.) 
Head blue-black : thorax blue-black, surrounded with golden green. Elytra green with 
purplish reflexion and bordered with cupreous, marked with punctured lines : the 
ridges between are transversely marked with numerous lines ; each elytrum is also 
ornamented with three rows of distant green dots, which are not very conspicuous. 
The whole body beneath is green, with steel-blue reflections : legs steel-blue, and the 
thighs are punctured with four or five rows of dots ; tarsi and tibie dusky. Length 
exceeds an inch : about 1} inches. 


52 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


CALosoMA CALIDUM. ( Plate xxi, fig. 15.) 
Head and thorax black, finely punctured. Elytra ornamented by three rows of metallie 
spots placed upon thick lines, crossed by obscure punctures. Length nine-tenths of 

an inch. 

Both species of Catosoma are abundant in the United States; both feed upon other in- 
sects, and are useful by diminishing the number of insects injurious to the farmer. They 
are furnished with wings, are found upon trees, and feed upon the larve of lepidopterons 
insects : their larve also have the habits of the perfect insect. 


Genus NOTIOPHILUS (Dun.). Etapurus ( Fabr.). 


Head as broad as the thorax; eyes large; thorax quadrate, flattened; labrum large, 
rounded ; palpi robust. 


NorioPHILUS PORRECTUS. ( Plate xx, fig. 13.) 
Insect brown, with a uniform bronze hue. Length from two to three lines. 
This insect is wider in front than posteriorly : the great size of the eyes makes the head 
as prominent as the thorax. 


Gexus ELAPHRUS (Fanr.). Crcrnpeva (Lin). 


‘ Antenne short ; eyes very prominent ; thorax convex ; labrum slightly trilobed ; palpi 
‘ slender’ (Westwoop). 


Exapurus ruscartivs (Lin.). ( Plate xx, fig. 1.) 
Head, thorax and elytra bronze tinted with green, and singularly marked by dark round 
spots encircled with green, which give the insect a tuberculate appearance ; beneath 
green and metallic. 
The insect’s body is short, but it has the general appearance of a CicinDELA. 


Omoruron LABraTuM ( Fab.). ( Plate xx, figs. 11, 12.) 

Head with a deeply notched patch of green at the base, and partially surrounding the 

eyes : thorax black, with green metallic hues bordered with light brown. Elytra 

variegated with black-green metallic hues, and bordered with light brown, traversed 
with many punctate lines; beneath brown. 


War. tessellatus, Say (fig. 12). Obscurely banded ; the elytra traversed on their inner 
margins with black : the brown is more conspicuous, and occupies a larger portion 
of the elytra. 

Length about one-fourth of an ineh. 


FAMILY CARABID.Z. 53 


Bem bidiides. 


Tue maxillary and labial palpi in this subfamily are terminated by a very minute joint. 
The anterior tibie are always notched on their insides, near their tips. The insects are 
small, and run with considerable speed : they are adorned with metallic colors. They 
live under stones in damp places, or in crevices in the ground ; and they are carnivorous, 
feeding upon the larve of other insects, and also upon dead animal matter. 


Genus BEMBIDJUM (Ixturcer). ©icinpeLa (Lin.). 


Thorax truncate cordate ; elytra tubercled ; eyes very prominent. 


BeMBIDIUM SIGILLARE. ( Plate xx, fig. 3.) 
Head, eyes, thorax and elytra above metallic gray, bronzed with a faint purplish in some 
lights ; beneath, brilliant green : legs darker above. Length rather more than one- 
fourth of an inch. 
Sometimes very abundant on the leaves of water plants. 


BEMBEIDIUM HONESTUM. ( Plate xx, fig. 4.) 


Head and elytra gray bronze, duller than the preceding ; thorax blue-black ; beneath, 
black with a greenish hue. Length about a quarter.of an inch. 


BEMBIDIUM INEQUALE (Say). 


Eyes very large ; head, thorax and abdomen gray, metallic and bronze, uniform. 


BeEMBIDIUM INORNATUM. ( Plate xx, fig. 9.) 


Head, thorax and elytra brown. Length about one-tenth of an inch. 


BeEMEIDIUM TRIPUNCTATUM. ( Plate xx, fig. 10.) 


Head, thorax and elytra brown ; metallic hues absent. Length one-tenth of an inch. 


BeMBIDIUM VARIEGATUM. ( Plate xx, fig. 14.) 


Head, thorax and elytra metallic green above, when seen in some directions ; below, 
black and brownish : legs brown. The elytra are variegated with paler patches of 
brown, and they appear of a glossy brown when seen by direct light. Length two- 
tenths of an inch. 


504 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


HYDRADEPHAGA. 


Tue insects included in this section reside in water, and hence their legs are transformed 
into organs suitable for moving in this element. In addition to the transformation of the 
legs into swimming organs, the body undergoes a change of form, becoming oval or boat- 
shaped : in fine they are thoroughly fitted for the element in which they are to move, 
being endowed with the means of pursuing their prey, and furnished with all the con- 
veniences which their congeners upon the land possess. Although they subsist in water, 
yet they are not provided in their perfect state for obtaining a supply of air from the 
element in which they move : they are air-consumers, and are obliged to rise occasionally 
to the surface to obtain a supply of air for respiration. 

The Hyprapepuaca are predacious beetles; and although it is not important to the 
farmer to know them in an economical point of view, still some of the larger kinds prey 
upon the ova of fish, and even upon their young; and in this respect, they are not entirely 
destitute of interest to the owners of fish-ponds. Regarded as animals which live by the 
chase, they are truly more greedy and gluttonous than the predacious land beetles : they 
are pre-eminently voracious and destructive. Their larve, of course, are aquatic ; and 
they too feed voraciously upon other aquatic insects. The perfect animal, though fitted for 
the water, is not confined to it : it may take wing at evening, and enter dwellings, like 
moths, being allured by the dazzling light of Iamps near a window. They obtain air by 
resting upon the surface, and raising their elytra : this brings the air more immediately 
into contact with the spiracles of the insect. 

Srepuens divides the Hyprapepuaca into two families, viz : 


long, setaceous : embracing the Dyricipzx ; 


ANTENNA ‘ 
short, clavate : embracing the Gyrinipz. 


1. The Dyrticipm are furnished with rather long setaceous antenne ; their bodies are 
oval, being rounded anteriorly and posteriorly ; their thorax is short and transverse, and 
their legs are formed for swimming : the posterior ones, however, are especially adapted 
to this end, by their great length, and by being furnished with two rows of dense cilia 
arranged along the edges, with the view of increasing the width of the oar; the tarsi are 
also flat in the males, and the anterior ones are more dilated than in the females. The 
mandibles of the larva are much bent, and are pierced for the purpose of extracting the 
juices from the animals upon which they subsist. Their respiratory organs are situated 
behind, and consist of two segments fringed with hairs and terminating in two conical 
appendages, between which are two cylindric perforated tubes : these communicate with 
the respiratory organs. The larva, as well as the imago, is obliged to rise to the surface to 
obtain a supply of air. 


FAMILY DYTICIDZ. By) 


2. The Gyrinip& are provided with short clavate antenne : body oval and convex, as 
in the Dyricipz, but more glossy. The legs are unequal in this family : the anterior ones 
are long, and the four posterior are short, compressed, and formed for swimming. The 
larve differ also from those of the Dyticiym, by haying on each side of the fourth and 
seven following segments a membranous conical appendage, which is flexible and bearded 
at the sides : these appendages are subordinate to the respiratory organs, with which they 
communicate by a small tube. 


Dyticide. 


Halipides. 


Antenne ten-jointed ; posterior cox dilated into a large shield, covering the base of the 
legs. 


Genus HALIPLUS (Crarry.). Cnemipotus (Tll.). 


Maxillary palpi with the last joint very minute and subulate. 


Haurptus 12-puncratus. ( Plate xx, fig. 15.) 

Head, thorax and elytra buff-colored. Elytra with twelve black spots, some of which are 

confluent ; inner margin and anal extremely black ; thorax with a lunate black or 
brown spot on its anterior margin ; eyes black. 


HALiPLus IMMACULATICOLLIS. ( Plate xx, fig. 16.) 
Insect buff-color : elytra with ten black spots, the central comparatively large, and com- 
mon to both elytra ; thorax brown, immaculate. 


Genus DYTICUS. Dyriscus ( Linn.) 


“ Anterior male tarsi patellated ; claws didactyle; maxillary palpi with the second and 
third joints equal’ (Westwoop). 


Dyticus HARRISIL. ( Plate v, fig. 10.) 
Color black softened into olive; front or forehead Iuteous ; lateral margins of the thorax 
luteous : upon the latter it diminishes posteriorly, and extends to the under side of 
the same ; beneath, the thorax and first pair of legs are Iuteous : posterior legs long, 

and furnished with two dense rows of brown cilia. Length one inch. 
This species is rather common in small ponds of water, where the bottom is clear and 
sandy : a locality where it may always be found, is at the head springs which supply the 

city of Albany with water. 


56 GRDER COLEOPTERA. 


Parnides. 


Tus subfamily is composed of insects which frequent water : their tibie are unarmed 
and narrow, and their legs are formed for walking. They have an oval body, more or less 
convex, and the posterior part of the thorax is as wide as the abdomen or base of the elytra. 
The antenne are short ; mandibles robust and notched at the tip, with their inner surface 
ciliated. As they frequent the water, their entire surface, as in Parnus, is covered with 
cilia to retain air; or, as in Exits, in part ciliated, for the same object. This arrangement 
gives them oxygen when immersed in water. 

The two genera Parnus and Exmts are regarded as belonging to two subfamilies ; but 
being closely related, it is sufficient for our purpose to place them in juxtaposition. 


PARNUS FASTIGIATUS. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 7.) 
Body oval convex ; head retracted : color a drab brown ; thorax and elytra covered with 
a coat of fine appressed hair; legs reddish on their outer sides. 


Eumis crenatis ? ( Plate xxiii, fig. 9.) 
Body convex, angulated, punctate, acute behind ; thorax and elytra marked with four 
black dots, and a faint reddish stripe upon each ; legs reddish. 


Silphides. 


Tue wide depressed or flat form of body is a reliable characteristic of a part of this group. 
They are always present in putrescent animal matter : wherever a carcase of an animal is 
decaying, or even a bone not perfectly bleached, there we find numbers of the silphides. 
The Necropnorus, however, is much less depressed or flattened than the genus SttpHa, 
and seems at first sight to constitute a distinct group by itself. The latter are sometimes” 
called sexton beetles, from their habit of burying all the small dead animals which they 
meet with. In this labor, they exhibit a great amount of industry and perseverance, as well 
as a high grade of instinct in seemingly devising means to accomplish an end. 

The anatomical characters of these beetles, as given. by Westwoop and others, are : 
Antenne thickened at the tips; palpi filiform and slender; labrum transverse and 
emarginate ; maxillee bilobed, the inner armed with a hook ; mandibles strong and exsert, 
especially in Necropyorvs ; thorax orbicular or semicircular, forming a kind of shield for 
the head ; tarsi five-jointed, the fourth nearly equalling the others. 


Grexus NECROPHORUS (Fas., Leacn, Oxrv.). 
¢ Body oblong; elytra truncate ; club of the antenne large, round, four-jointed, perfoliate ; 
“maxillee unarmed’ ( Wesrwoop)- 


FAMILY DYTICID. o7 


NeEcROPHORUS AMERICANUS (O].). ( Plate xxii, fig. 8.) 

Head, thorax and elytra black, shining ; forehead marked with a cordate yellowish brown 

spot; thorax brown, except a black dentate border : elytra marked with four ir- 

regular yellowish brown spots, the anterior prolonged upon the anterior margin ; 

margin grooved, and of the same color as the spots : club of the antenne yellowish 
brown, black beneath : anterior tarsi ciliate ; cilia yellowish brown. 

This large conspicuous beetle presents certain variations of color and marking, which 
indicate a difference either in sex or species. The yellowish brown spots described above 
are much darker in some individuals, while the forehead mark is rounded behind, square 
in front, and behind and between the eyes there is a rufous spot which does not exist in 
all. The thorax is curiously indented upon its border. Length 1} inch. 
NeEcRoPHORUS TOMENTOsUsS ( Wb.).” ( Plate x, fig. 2.) 
Black : elytra erossed by two rufous bands, black beneath ; thorax and sides pilose ; club 

of the antenne black. Length about three-fourths of an inch. 

This species is quite hairy, especially upon the thoracic plate : hairs greenish. 

Common in July in New-England and New-York. 


NeEcropHorus pyemeus ( Rich.). { Plate xxii, fig. 5.) 
Black : elytra marked with four angular bright red spots. Length rather more than half 
an inch. 


The Necropnaca perform the part of scavengers in destroying and burying carrion. WV. 
éomentosus takes its trivial name from the yellow hair upon the prothorax. The family 
Dermistipz is also destructive to animal matter : they deposit their eggs in it; and when 
they are hatched, they feed upon it; but the dermestes attack and devour any animal 
food, whether in a state of decay or not. It is supposed that the perfect animal, however, 
prefers flowers to meat, though we always find it busy in the latter. 


Genus SILPHA ( Liyy.). 


‘“ Broadly oval, slightly convex ; antenne gradually thickened, club four-jointed ; thorax 
‘ often truncate anteriorly’ ( Westwoop). 


SmpHa cAupaAra (Say). ( Plate xxii, figs. 3, 7) 

Black. Elytva subquadrate, papillated ; papille in about four rows, placed between sharp 

ridges ; inner and posterior angle slightly prolonged ; outer angle rounded : thorax 
tomentose. Length half an inch. 


SILPHA INEQUALIS. ( Plate xxii, fig. 6.) 
Insect depressed, black : elytra finely punctured, and traversed by three or four sharp 
slightly raised ridges. Length half an inch. 
[ AcricutruRaL Reprorr— Voz. v.] 8 


58 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


SILPHA NOVEBORACENSIS. ( Plate xxii, fig. 9.) 
Body depressed : elytra rufous ; outer margin of the thorax light and rather bright red, 
black beneath. 


SILPHA AMERICANA. ( Plate xx, fig. 3.) 

Depressed, black : thorax yellow, with a subquadrangular black spot in the centre ; elytra 

knobby, black or brownish black tipped with yellowish ; outer angles truncate, or 

rounded from the middle, and slightly notched at their inner and posterior angles, 
forming a notch when at rest : they are marked by four rather irregular ridges. 


trexus NECRODES ( Witkin). Sivpna ( Linn.). 
‘Body oblong; elytra truncate; club of the antenne gradually thickened; maxille 
‘ without a claw’ ( Westwoop). 


NECRODES SURINAMENSIS. ( Plate xx, fig. 4.) 
Depressed, black : thorax smooth and shining; elytra marked posteriorly with a short 
rufous band, and traversed by three strongly marked sharp ridges, black beneath. 


Nitidulide. 


Tus family has the habits in part of the silphide, as some of them are found in putrid 
animal matter, or feeding upon mushrooms ; others, however, frequent flowers. They are 
oval, broad, and much depressed ; and they have filiform antenne, terminating in a short 
club of two or three joints. The thorax is transverse and emarginate : in some, the elytra 
are short, leaving the abdomen exposed. They are small insects. 


Genus NITIDULA. 
‘Body oval, subdepressed ; thorax margined; tibia compressed ; fourth tarsal joint bi- 
‘lobed ; third joint of antenna longer than the fourth’ ( Westwoop). 


NiripULA BIPUSTULATA. ( Plate xviii, fig. 1.) 
Color of the body and thorax dull brown : central part of the elytra marked by a patch 
of lighter brown ; margin light brown. Length about two-tenths of an inch. 


FAMILY ENGID®. 59 


Engide. 


Tue insects of this family are allied to the Niriputinm and Dermestip# : from the former, 
they differ by their elongate form and simple tarsi; and from the latter, by their highly 
. polished bodies, and more developed form of their mandibles ( Westwoop). 

The Exerp subsist upon wood in a state of decay, or upon fungi, in some species of 
which many individuals may be found. I procured a large number of individuals belonging 
to this family, in the gelatinous sap which was slowly oozing from a wound in the trunk 
of a yellow birch : they are also found under the bark of trees, and never feed upon living 
or dead animal matters. 

The anatomical characters, as given for the Encip® propef, are : Antenne short, cla- 
vate, ten- or eleven-jointed ; maxillary palpi equalling the lobes of the maxille ; labium 
advanced in front of the mentum ; labrum transverse ; mandibles bifid at the tip ; tarsi 
in some four-jointed, in others five. 


Gexus ENGIS ( Larr.). 
‘ Body long ovate, subconvex ; tarsi five-jointed, the fourth joint short ; maxille bilobed ; 
‘ club of the antennz short, broad, flattened, three-jointed ’ (Westwoop). 


ENGIS FASCIATA. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 2.) 
Thorax black : elytra brick-red, traversed by a broad black belt; posterior extremity 
black ; inner angles of the elytra black, terminating in a partial crossbar. The pro- 
portion of black and red upon the elytra is nearly equal. 
These insects inhabit fungi, or decaying wood under the bark of trees : they are not, 
however, specially injurious to trees. 


Genus IPS ( Hersst). 


The body is oblong and subdepressed ; tibia broad and serrated ; tarsi five-jointed ; lobe 
of the maxilla broad. 


Ips FASCIATUS. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 4.) 

Body oblong, subdepressed ; thorax and head black ; elytra black, with two yellow an- 

gular spots upon each ; legs short ; tibia broad, subserrated ; tarsi pilose. Length 
two-tenths of an inch. 


Ips SANGUINOLENTA. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 3.) 


Head and thorax black : elytra yellow, with a single round black spot near the middle ; 
terminal extremity black ; outer and anterior angles black. Insect shining. 


60 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Tps QUADRISIGNATA. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 6.) 
Head and thorax black : elytra black, with two yellow spots on each elytrum, shining ; 
the posterior spot is somewhat oval ; upper and outer angles black. 


Ips BIPUSTULATUS. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 8.) 
Color brown, dull : elytra marked with two large yellow dots. Length about two and a 
half lines. 


Cacujides. 


Genus CUCUJUS. Coxryprem ( Herbst). 


Antenne short, monilifornr or clavate ; basal joint short. 


Cucusus CLAVIPEs. : ( Plate xxii, fig. 2.) 
Depressed, flat or compressed : color uniform, inclining to brick-red ; abdomen below 
dark, and nearly black upon the margins. Length about half an inch. 


DeRMESTES LARDARIUS. ( Plate xxii, fig. 5.) 
Body oval, subconvex, black, with a gray bar passing across the anterior part of the elytra, 
in which are three dots on each elytrum. 


The genus Dermesres is named from derma, a skin, with which the larve make great 
ravages, eating the surface so as to cause the hair to fall off. The Dermestes lardarius com- 
mits its depredations in houses, usually in furs, meat, pork, bacon (whence it is sometimes 
called bacon bug), collections of insects, ete. when stored away without protection. It is 
about one-fourth of an inch long, nearly black; the base of the elytra ash-eolor, with 
three small black spots. 

This species is active in attacking all animal collections of natural history : from this 
depredator, they are best protected by arsenic. Articles of domestic consumption should 
be preserved by preventative measures,such as enclosing hams in canvass and white- 
washing them. ; 

The Dermestes vulpinus is distinguished from the /ardarius, by having the elytra entirely 
black, and the under sides and under parts covered with white scales. It is very destrue- 
tive to hides, in which it is imported. In France, it has been observed to perforate walls 
built of stone soft enough to be broken by the nail. It is found in America, Europe and 
Asia. 

There are several other insects which are destructive to skins, and to anatomical and 
natural history collections : one of them is the Anthrenus museorum (Byrr. museorum, 
Linn.). It is not a native of this country : it is, however, replaced by the .4. destructor, 


FAMILY STAPHYLINIDA. 61 


Melsh., which is a short oval insect about one-eighth of an inch in length, of a fuscous color, 
and marked by several waved whitish fascie#. The larva of another small and much nar- 

_rower insect, Dermophagus tarsale of Mrtsuemer, is also very destructive to entomological 
collections. 


Staphylinide. 


Tue characteristics of the insects belonging to this family are, their long, narrow, and 
depressed form; the shortness of their elytra, and hence the great exposure of the ab- 
dominal segments. Their true wings are closely folded beneath the curtailed elytra, al- 
though they are large when expanded. Their heads too are remarkably large; and when 
set out by their projecting mandibles, it is no easy matter to persuade oneself that it is 
safe to catch them. Their antenne are not very conspicuous, but are sometimes enlarged 
towards the extremity. The thorax is strong, and as wide as the first segment of the ab- 
domen. From the shortness of the wing-covers, the abdomen is equally hard above as 
beneath, and is not confined by them : it therefore admits of free motion, and is employed 
as an instrument to assist in folding and unfolding the wings. When the insect is captured, 
a curious organ protrudes from the extremity of the abdomen, consisting of two vesicles, 
which are extruded at the will of the insect, and from which it is not uncommon to per- 
ceive that a peculiar vapor escapes that is by no means pleasant. 

Westwoop regards this family equal in rank to the Carapipm, and susceptible of sub- 
divisions of the same value : the name Bracuyeryrra has been generally employed in 
denoting it. 


Genus STAPHYLINUS (Liyv._).. 


‘ Body nearly glabrous ; antenne subfiliform, with the fourth and tenth joints subequal ; 
‘ thorax subquadrate’ ( Westwoop). 


STAPHYLINUS VILLOSUs. 
Head and thorax black and glossy : back, sides,and abdomen beneath villose, or covered 
with a dense coat of hair; abdomen banded with greenish buff. Length six-tenths 
of an inch. 


STAPHYLINUS CYANIPENNIS. ( Plate xxxi, fig. 6.) 
Head and thorax black and glossy ; elytra steel-blue ; abdomen hairy and black. 


STAPHYLINUS CHRYSURUS. ( Plate xxxi, fig. 3.) 
Above an olive brown, clothed with short yellow hair ; sides and extremity of the abdo- 
men golden yellow; thighs black, except et their tips, and a dorsal line. 


CHAPTER V. 


ORDER I. COLEOPTERA ( Continued). 


PENTAMERA. 


DistineuisHes entomologists have made two grand divisions of the pentainerous insects. 
Some of the families of the first division have been noticed : the seccnd is equally im- 
portant with the first,and admits of subdivision into natural groups or families ; but there 
is some diversity of opinion where the lines bounding these families shall be drawn, and 
also respecting the best terms for designating them. 

A plain and comprehensive subdivision into groups has been made by Srepnens : 1, 
the CLiavicornes, which are characterized by the antenne terminating in a solid ball, er 
a perforated one ; 2, the Lamenticornes, with the antenne terminating in a leafy or 
lamellated mass; and, 3, the Serricornes, having the antenne constructed so that their 
whole length is toothed somewhat like a saw. The Cravicornes are divided into two 
families : the first contains those insects which resemble the Linnean Genus Byrruvs, 
haying straight claviform antenne, and called the Family Byrruiw», Leach. The second 
family have also claviform antenne, but each with a distinct elbow or angle. 

The Byrruipz are small beetles with short oval convex bodies, and generally pilose or 
hairy : the elytra cover the body, and the legs can be folded up; when alarmed, it folds 
them together under its body, and then remains motionless, appearing like a seed, until 
the danger is past. In this family the antenne become gradually clavate, and the club is 
not solid. 

The second family of clavicornes takes its name from the Genus Histrr : hence the 
family name Histertw.x, Leach. In these, the antenne, instead of being straight, have a 
sudden or short angle in them, or are said to be elbowed. They are small insects, hard and 
shining or highly polished, and usually black : their forms are somewhat square, but still 
possess considerable convexity ; their legs are more or less dentate, and the two hind ones 
are set widely apart; the elytra are short, and hence leave a portion of the abdomen 
exposed. Their elbowed antenne, their polished surface and short elytra, clearly distin- 
guish them from the byrrhide. 


GROUP LAMELLICORNES. 63 


The Lamexticornes received their name from the structure of their antenne ; the 
extremity being a Jaminated knob, composed of three or more leaflike lamine, which open 
and shut somewhat like the leaves of a book. The first division of this group consists of 
the Scarasines, the first section of which are named Coprophagi, from the kind of food on 
which they subsist : they feed upon and live in ordure, or excrements of all kinds. The 
ancients gave the name pillularia to certain species which have the curious instinet of 
rolling the excrement into balls with their hind feet, and in which they have deposited 
their eggs : when the ball has acquired a sufficient degree of solidity, it is pushed into a 
hole previously prepared for its reception. 

A foreign species, the Aleuchus sacer, was an object of religious veneration and worship 
among the ancient Egyptians. With them it was symbolical of the world, the sun, and the 
warrior : of the world, from the globular shape of its balls, and perhaps also from the 
progeny they contained ; of the sun, from the angular projections from its head in the 
form of rays : the six legs have five tarsi each, and hence they represented the days of 
the month. The idea of the courageous warrior was imbibed from the supposition that the 
species were all males. The Roman soldiers wore its image on their signets ; and it is said 
that it is still a custom with the Egyptian women to eat them, to render themselves pro- 
lifie : as the sun is the source of all fertility, so the eating of this symbol would impart 
to them the same desirable quality. When we reflect a moment upon the attention which 
these curious insects pay to their offspring, and the intense emotion they exhibit in rolling 
their balls, a work which they prosecute until overcome by exhaustion, it is not at all 
surprising that the ancients should haye made them symbolical of the highest order of 
qualities. 

The Copris carclina closely resembles the symbolical beetle of the ancients, just referred 
to. The Genus Copris makes its abode beneath the fresh excrement of the cow ; and hence 
its hills of dirt. are common in pastures, by readsides, and other places where the cow is 
kept. This insect, however, never rolls a regular ball, but collects a quantity into an ir- 
regularly shaped mass. The true pi/lularia belong to the Genus Georrupes, and a few 
other allied genera. 

The larva of the Georrupes resembles that of the MrLoronrua, being of a dirty white 
color, soft, and, when not engaged in feeding, it lies coiled in a semicircle : they have 
six scaly feet and a scaly head. Subsisting at first upon the magazine of food which the 
mother has provided in the offal in which they are enveloped, they afterwards penetrate 
into the earth, and feed upon roots. It requires a year or two for their perfection : they 
are then transformed into nymphs; and another year passes, before they are ready to 
become perfect insects. 

The Lametticornes consist of ten families, each presenting some peculiarity in the 
antenne, mandibles or maxille, by due attention to which the student will be able to 
determine the position an unknown insect may occupy. The first of these ten families is 


64 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


the Lucanip®, taking the family name as usual from one of the most important genera it 
contains : in this instance it is the Lwcanus dama, an elongated stout insect, and furnished 
with strong and projecting mandibles, especially in the males. Their antenne are elbowed, 
and the terminal knob is constructed after the fashion of the teeth of a comb, or is pectinate: 
they consist of only three terminal teeth, somewhat separated from each other, but near 
enough to come within the definition of Jamelliccrn bectles (See Plate xii, fig. 7, n, 0). 

The second division of the LamEtiicornes embraces all those beetles whose antenne 
terminate in leaves or lamelle, consisting usually of three pieces, which fold together or 
lie in contact like the leaves of a book. This division received the name of Petalecera from 
Dumerit : it contains many insects which belonged to the genus Scarabaus of Lixyevs. 
The antenne differ from those of the insects of the Family Lucanipz, inasmuch as they 
are not elbowed ; and the number of joints is variable, eight, nine or ten. In some groups, 
the males are remarkable for their appendages upon the head or thorax, either in the form 
of horns or protuberances. Some of the largest insects belong to this division. 

The habits of the insects of this division are various : some, and probably the majority, 
feed upon refuse matter, some upon excrement, some upon leaves, and others upon flowers. 
Their larve are conspicuous for their size : they are of a soft consistence, of a whitish 
color, and furnished with strong mandibles. We find them in the vegetable mould, usually 
coiled, or in decaying logs. They have fourteen rings, including the head, and the rings or 
segments are transversely grooved. 

From the diversity of character which exists in this great division, it has been subdivided 
into ten families. The first is the Grorrupip™ : their maxillary lobes are membranous, the 
mandibles are porrected, and the elytra cover the abdomen ( Plate xii, figs. 1, 2, 8, 5, 8). 
Their antenne have ten or eleven joints ; and their bodies are globose, or thick and more 
or less rounded and full. Their habits are peculiar : they feed upon excrement, though 
some are said to feed upon roots. 

The Scarasaipm constitute the second family of this great division. They are furnished 
with a shieldlike extension in front, the clypeus, which extends over the mouth ; and their 
antenne are eight- or nine-jointed, with the end terminating in a three-leaved club. The 
middle legs are inserted more widely apart than the others : the posterior legs are far 
behind ; the scutellum is not present ; and the elytra are shortened behind, leaving the 
abdomen exposed. The claws are minute, and the anterior tibiz are expanded and tri- 
dentate externally, armed with a single spur. The insects feed upon excrement, and the 
greater proportion of the family reside in warm climates. They are many of them ball- 
rollers; and to aid them in this work, their hindlegs are long and inserted far behind, 
which gives them a grotesque appearance when walking. They fiy mostly by day. (Plate 
xii, figs. 5, 7.) 

The third family of Mactray is called Apnopiip=. They too are excrement-eaters : they 
are oval and rounded at the posterior extremity. In this family we find the minute instead 


GROUP LAMELLICORNES. 65 


of the large beetles, and they belong to temperate climates : the legs are placed at equal 
distances apart; the scutellum is distinct; the clypeus is entire, and the antenne are 
nine-jointed. The body is more elongated than in the former family. 

The fourth family is small, or of a moderate extent : it is the Trogipm of Macteay. 
The insects are of a medium size, ovate or gibbous, and the elytra are inflexed at their 
sides. The scutellum is distinct, and the anterior tibize are imperfectly toothed. The head 
is deflexed ; thorax short, posteriorly situated, and the anterior angles are advanced : the 
elytra are rugose. (Plate xxiv, figs. 1 & 3.) 

The fifth family is the Dynastinm of Macieay. The insects of the family are gigantie, 
and the males are very strongly identified by prominences and horns upon their heads or 
thoraces. The jaws are powerful, horny and prominent, and furnished with two teeth ; the 
scutellum is distinct ; the antenne are ten-jointed, and the elytra are shortened behind, 
leaving the abdomen exposed : the color is a rich chestnut-brown. The insects reside in 
rich vegetable matter and in putrid offal, and the family belongs to tropical regions. 

The Rvtirpx constitute the sixth family, which, for the most part, are brilliantly 
colored. The males are destitute of horns, in which respect they differ from the preceding 
family. The antenne are ten-jointed, club three-jointed : the mandibles are short, but 
project more or less from beneath the coriaceous labrum ; they are also notched on the 
outside near the tip. The elytra do not cover the abdomen. 

The seventh family is allied to the preceding : it has received the name of Anorto- 
GNATHID#, and is composed, like the Dynastipa, of foreign species. 

The eighth family, the MeLotonruip®, constitute a well-known group, which contains 
numerous indigenous species, with forms as delineated on Plate x, figs. 4 — 6, 9. They are 
ovate thin beetles, sometimes scarcely thicker behind than before. The labrum is divided 
into two lobes transversely ; the mandibles are strong and horny, the internal margin acute 
at the apex. The clypeus is separated by a transverse suture, which runs just before the 
eyes : antenne 9 — 10-jointed, terminated by a knob composed of a variable number of 
lamine (from 3 — 7), variable also in form. The anterior margin of the mentum is notched 
or emarginate. Some of the species are large ; but the colors are not brilliant, the surface 
being often pubescent and dull. The common horn bectle, or the goldsmith beetle, which 
fly about in the evening in the months of June and July, may well represent this family : 
they feed upon flowers or leaves, and are sometimes injurious in this way. 

Passing the GLapHyrip»®, the ninth family, which are all foreign to us, we reach the 
tenth and last family, the Ceronip=, a group which holds about the same place in the 
scale of importance as the Mretotonruipx. The antenne are ten-jointed : the labrum is 
concealed beneath an emarginate clypeus ; the mandibles are comparatively slender, lan- 
ceolate ; the mentum is pitcher-shaped, and conceals the labium ; the scutellum distinct: 
the elytra do not cover all the abdomen. The insects feed upon flowers, and hence do 
considerable mischief : their forms are delineated on Plate xii, figs. 4 — 6. 

[ AcricutruraL Report — Vot. v.] 9 


66 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


CLAVICORNES. 


Byrrhide. 


No species of this family have been found in this State. 


Histeride. 
HiisteR CONFORMIS. ( Plate xxxi, fig. 8.) 
Color black : thorax bluish black, smooth, polished ; elytra without punctures, striate ; 
strie obsolete. Length one-tenth of an inch. 


LAMELLICORNES. 


Lucanide. 
Genus LUCANUS ( Liny.). 


‘Depressed mandibles of the male very large ; female moderate : club of the antenne 
‘ four-jointed, pectinated’ (Wrsrwoop). 


Lucanus pama (Fab.). L. capriolus ( Linn.). ( Plate xii, fig. 7.) 
The insect is large, dark chestnut-brown, smooth and plain; thighs lighter : mandibles 
of the male long and powerful ; female less powerful than the male. Length about 

1} or 1} inch. 

The male Lucanus may be recognized by its large and toothed mandibles, which stand 
out so prominently in front. The female differs from the male in the smallness of its head, 
which is partially concealed beneath the labrum and the oblique truncation of the lateral 
margin of the thorax. There is a considerable variation in the size of the individuals. It 
is not an uncommon species in New-York and New-England. The larve inhabit the trunks 
of decaying trees, or in wood. 


PLATYCERAS PICEUs. ( Plate xii, figs. 10, 11.) 
The Genus Praryceras belongs to this group. The mandibles are shorter than those of 
the Lucanus, in both sexes : it is also. a much smaller insect. 

Color brown; elytra distinctly punctate; mandibles exsert, and each shows a strong 
curved subcentral tooth : in the female, the mandibles are shorter and less con- 
spicuous. Length from one-half to six-tenths of an inch. 

Fig.10, male; 11, female, with mandibles, antenne and an elytrum. 


FAMILY GEOTRUPID®. 67 


Geotrupide. 


GEOTRUPES 


( Plate xii, fig. 2.) 
Color brilliant steel-blue ; beneath, clothed with yellowish brown hairs. Clypeus rough, 
with a central pointed tubercle (the thin edge of the clypeus is turned up in front) ; 
thorax smooth and shining upon its top, but confluently punctured at the margins ; 
elytra marked with numerous punctate ridges. Length five-tenths of an inch. 
This species I have been unable to refer to its proper name. “The G. microphagus is 
dark piceous above and beneath, and the legs are violaceous.” 


GEOTRUPES SPLENDIDUS. ( Plate xii, fig. 3.) 

Splendent green; purplish beneath. Thorax rather thickly punctured, and confluent on 

the sides ; scutellum smooth, or with two or more punctures; elytra subtuberculated 

near the outer basal angle, angle somewhat rounded, and their surfaces are marked 

by rounded ridges punctate in the grooves : body beneath clothed with brown hairs. 
Length six-tenths of an inch. 


Genus COPROBIUS ( Larr.). 


Body ovoid ; thorax dilated in the middle; scutellum none; abdomen nearly square ; 
clypeus bidenticulated. 


CopRoBIUs LEVIS. 

Medium size : color dull black, finely punctured ; elytral lines obsolete. The insect has a 
submetallic hue in some lights, but is generally dull. There are about eight obscure 
lines upon each elytrum : beneath, the body is naked, or destitute of hairs. 

This insect is more common here than the Geofrupes. Common in June and July, when 
they may be seen engaged in rolling a ball of dung containing their ova, and which they 
finally bury.. 


Areucuus sacer is a much larger insect, belonging to an allied genus, and is the sacred 
Scarabaus which entered so largely into the mythology of Egypt. 

All these species fulfil an important place in the economy of creation ; a fact which is 
more obvious in tropical regions than in the north. 


68 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Scarabeida. 


Genus ONTHOPHAGUS (Latr.). Copris (IIl.). 


Body broadly ovate, short, depressed : last joint of labial palpi evanescent; clypeus wider 
than long, emarginate ; scutellum none. 


ONTHOPHAGUS HECATE. ( Plate xxxi, fig. 4.) 
Small : dark brown, covered with white hairs, which give it a hoary appearance. Shield 
rather pointed and turned up; thorax terminated in a prominent plate, turned up at 

the angles ; legs ciliated. 


ONTHOPHAGUS OVATUS. 
Rather small, ovoid, brown, smooth above ; hairs sparse upon the legs and beneath. Shield 
marked with two parallel sharp transverse ridges. 


Genus PHAN US (Mc.). 


Basal articulation of the labial palpi larger than the others, and dilated at its internal 
edge : scutellum none, but its place is occupied by a small triangular extension of 
the thorax. Males furnished with tubercles or horns upon the clypeus, and prominences 
upon the thorax. 


PHANEUS CARNIFEX. \ ( Plate xii, fig. 5.) 

Rather short, wide : elytra shorter than the head and thorax ; shield witha single or 

double prominence behind ; thorax rich purple green, and strongly sculptured ; elytra 

rich purple-green, punctated and ridged; beneath green ; upper surface of the legs 
purple. 

The males are smaller than the females, and the clypeus is armed with a long and strong 
horn pointing backwards : in females, it is merely a tuberele, or may be two close together. 
The thorax of the male presents a broad, flat, nearly semilunar punetate disk. Length 
seven-tenths of an inch. 

Oceurs rarely in the vicinity of Albany : common in Maryland. 


Genus APHODIUS (Itt.). Copris (Ol.); Scaraszus (Linn.}. 


Terminal articulation of the palpi cylindrical ; mandibles destitute of a corneous tooth or 
lobe ;. form of the body gibbous. 

All the species of the genus Apruopius live in the excrements of animals, where they 

eccur often in great numbers. They are small insects, about one-fourth of an inch in length, 


FAMILY SCARABAIDA. 69 


of a cylindrical form : some of the species are spotted, or variously colored. During the 
days of autumn they take wing in great numbers, flying sluggishly through the air. In 
Europe, Lethrus cephalotus is said to devour the tender shoots of plants, particularly of 
vines ; but this seems to be an exception to the habits common to the family. 


Apuopius BicoLor (S.). 
Quite small, brown or black-brown ; legs and beneath light fuscous : head and thorax 
finely punctured ; edges of the elytral ridges finely notched ; clypeus widely emargi- 
nate. Length one-fifth of an inch. 


APHODIUS STRIGATUS. 
Small : head and thorax very finely punctured, black, smaller than the preceding, obtuse 
at both extremities ; clypeus convex ; feet dark piceous ; posterior angles of the thorax 
rounded. 


APHODIUS TERMINALIS (S.). 
Small, brown or blackish brown, shining : forelegs hairy ; tips of the elytra and feet 
rufous ; clypeus trituberculate and emarginate before ; thorax marked with subequal 
punctures ; elytra marked with punctured striz. 


Apuopius copronimus (M.). 
Quite small, light brown, shining : thorax rather mottled with darker brown, very finely 
punctured. 


ApHopIus FEMORALIs (%.). 
Blackish brown : edges of the thorax dilated and light brown ; elytra fuscous and lighter 
in front ; thighs light and translucent. Scarcely one-fifth of an inch in length. 


Apnopius ATERRIMUs (M.). 
Small : thorax black; elytra dark brown ; brown beneath. 


APHODIUS SERVAL. 
Brown : head finely punctured ; thorax dark brown; elytra light brown and spotted, 
three in front, banded in the middle. 


Genus COPRIS (Grorr.). Scarasmus (Linn.). 


Body ovate, thick and convex ; knob of the antenne terminating in three leaves ; four 
hindlegs dilated and truncated ; scutellum none; articulations of the labial palpi 
three : the first joint is cylindrical, and not dilated at the internal side- 


70 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Copris CAROLINUS.  , ( Plate xii, fig. 8.) 
Body thick, obtuse behind : clypeus round and entire before, but furnished with a single 
notch in front of the eye, from which there is a depressed line running backwards, 
and terminating at the base of the tubercles, the middle of which is much the most 
prominent and pointed. The front of the thorax rises into a strong serrated ridge, and 
there are two lateral rounded depressions : the puncta are fine, and the posterior part 
is smooth, and marked with a slight central furrow which does not reach the elytra. 
Elytra strongly furrowed, and punctate. The abdomen appears as if truncated. The 
color is dark chestnut-brown : body beneath clothed with reddish brown hairs; the 
margin of the thorax is ciliate. The dilatations of the tibize are similar to flattened 
funnels : the tibiee of the forelegs are thick, and have four strong notches upon their 
outer edges. Length one inch. 
This beetle is common in Virginia and Maryland, but I have not observed it in New- 
York, though Cefonia and Phaneus, which accompany it there, are not uncommon here. 
This insect does not roll up a ball, but makes a collection or heap of soft and fresh 
manure, in which the eggs are deposited. It penetrates quite deeply into the ground be- 
neath the droppings in pastures and by the roadsides. 


Trogidae. 


Tus is a family embracing but a few genera : they are ovate and gibbose, with inflex 
elytra. The head is deflexed, the thorax short and transverse, and the surface of the elytra 
rough. The antenne are nine- or ten-jointed, and the extremity is formed of three leaves 
somewhat distant from each other : the labrum is coriaceous and exserted ; the Jabium is 
concealed by the mentum ; the’ mandibles are horny, and sometimes toothed. 

This family is allied to the Grorruripm. The most reliable information is that they feed 
upon carrion, or decaying animal matter, being found in the carcases of dead animals : 
they have also been found in rotten wood, and at the same time they are known to inhabit 
sandy places under ground. Some of the family are apterous. 


Genus TROX (Fapr.). Scaranaus ( Linn.) 


Antenne ten-jointed ; body subovate, convex ; thorax rugous. 


TROX PORCATUS. ( Plate xxiv, fig. iii.) 
Dull brown : clypeus rounded -in front, and marked by a shallow transverse groove, 
angulated in the middle, with small pointed tubercles on the line of flexure ; thorax 
widely grooved in the middle ; elytra traversed by a series of reticulated lines, forming 

a species of network upon their surfaces and angles behind. Length half an inch. 


FAMILY MELOLONTHID. 71 


TROX CAPILLARIS. ( Plate xxiv, fig. 1.) 
Brown, dull : elytra traversed by several rows of pointed or sharpened tubercles, standing 
between the fine parallel lines. Length two-fifths of an inch. 


Dynastidae. 


Turis family embraces the most gigantic beetles known : the genera are also numerous. 
The antenne are ten-jointed : the first is robust, conic and hairy ; the second, sub- 
globose ; the next five are short, and the head is composed of three laminz in contact. 
The clypeus is frequently horned, as well as the thorax : head subtrigonal ; elytra 
truncate, leaving the end of the abdomen bare. The body is large and thick, the legs 
strong ; tibize broad and dentate. 

This singular family have some of the habits of the Grorruripm : that of subsisting 
upon and in the exerement of animals, and decaying refuse matter from the vegetable 
kingdom. 


Melolonthidae. 


Genus SERICA ( Macreay). Scararaus (Linn.). 


‘Form ovate. Antenne ten-jointed : basal joint the largest ; the second the next, and the 
¢ claws bifid : last joint of the palpi subacute’ ( Wersrwoop). 


SERICA VESPERTINA. ( Plate xxiv, fig. 9.) 
Color light chestnut-brown, uniform : body small; wider behind. 


Tricuinus ( Tricutus) viRIDANs. ( Plate xxiv, fig. 5.) 

Color of the head and thorax green : elytra obscurely striped ; margins marked with dark 

spots; disk ferruginous, truncate, exposing the abdomen, punctured and marked by 
longitudinal lines ; abdomen hairy. 


TRICHINUS ASSIMILIS. 

Color black, hairy and glossy. Elytra marked near their bases with a light brownish patch, 
from each outer angle of which proceed two white oblique lines that nearly reach the 
margins ; and from the inner angles, two other white lines arise, which run parallel 
with the suture, and do not quite reach the truncated extremity : there is also an 
obseure line parallel with the last, and about half as long, which may not be constant. 
Posterior segment of the abdomen clothed with a dense coat of yellowish white hairs : 
abdomen below shining, and less hairy than the breast. Length rather more than 
one fourth of an inch. 

Found in Western Massachusetts. 


ae ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Genus PHYLLOPHAGA ( Harris). 


First joint of the antennz largest and clavate ; the fifth aud sixth larger than the second, 
third and fourth ; terminal leaves three or seven : maxillary palpi four-jointed, the 
fourth long and ovate : clypeus divided by a transverse suture before the eyes : 
thorax subquadfate : tibia somewhat dilated ; claws equal, and armed with a nearly 
central tooth. 


PHYLLOPHAGA QUERCINA. ( Plate x, fig. 9.) 

Large : color chestnut brown, uniform; beneath covered with brown hairs. Abdomen 

naked ; labrum rounded before, and punctured ; elytra punctured, and their tips 
separated behind. Length about eight-tenths of an inch. 


PHYLLOPHAGA DRAKII. 
Large : color rather lighter brown than the preceding. Labrum traversed by a line 
dividing it into two unequal parts : rings of the abdomen finely punctured. 
This species is rather larger than the quercina : length about nine-tenths of an inch. 


PHYLLOPHAGA HIRTICULA, 

Noticed by Dr. Harris, is of a bay brown color, with punctures larger and more distinct 
than those upon the quercina, and, on each wing-cover, the hairs are arranged in three 
lines. Length seven-tenths of an inch. 

Appears in June and July. 


PHYLLOPHAGA GEORGICANA. 
Surface covered with short grayish yellow hairs. Length seven-tenths of an inch. 
It occurs in New-York. 


PHYLLOPHAGA PILOSICOLLIs. ( Plate xxiii, fig. 7.) 

Color pale reddish brown : hairs longest upon the thorax and base of the elytra. Anterior 

edge of the head entire, rounded and deflected, puncture dilated and shallow ; la- 

teral edge of the thorax dilated in the middle ; elytra pale, testaceous, densely and 

equally punctured, and covered with short procumbent hairs. Length half an inch. 
Say. 


PuyLiopHaca varioLosa (Knoch.). Melolontha variolosa ( Hentz). 

This species differs essentially from the foregoing in the form and structure of the 
antenne, the knob consisting of seven curved elongate leaves. Its color is light brown, 
with irregular depressions upon the elytra, which appear like accidental flexures or in- 
dentations made by some external force : it is clothed with long yellow hairs upon the 
breast. The clypeus is extended and reflexed, and the sutural line is before its middle. 


FAMILY MELOLONTHID2. 73 


The hairs, both upon the thorax and elytra, are arranged in four rather interrupted lon- 
gitudina!l belts. Length eight- to nine-tenths of an inch. : 

This species I had not observed in the vicinity of Albany till this year, 1853 : many 
individuals have been taken. 


It may be remarked that most of the species ef this genus are much alike, although 
generally smaller than that figured. The color varies from yellowish brown to chestnut, 
according to the species. The breast is more or less hairy, and the elytra are in some cases 
sparsely furnished with erect hairs. In the larva state they feed upon the roots of grass, 
and probably of grain, and thus they commit great havoc upon pastures, whilst the adult 
insects live upon the foliage of various plants. 

These beetles are well known in the country by the name of hornbugs, and become 
troublesome by flying into the open windows where a lamp is burning. Their proper name 
is May beetle, a designation implying the time of their appearance among us. They are 
injurious both in their larva and perfect states : in the former, by their depredations upon 
the roots of grass and other herbage ; and in the latter, by the destruction of the young 
and tender leaves of fruit and other trees. They are supplied with strong jaws for cutting 
- the leaves of plants, for which they are admirably fitted ; and their feet are strong, and 
fitted for digging in the soil after their transformations are effected. They were formerly 
ineluded in the Genus MeLotonrua. 

Maybugs have rarely been sufficiently numerous to inflict serious injury upon the 
farmer : the Hon. Mr. Bartow, however, records an instance where they did much da- 
mage in Madison county, in 1849 and 50; they ate the leaves of the cherry, elm, apple, 
butternut, etc., showing that they are by no means restricted to our cultivated fruit trees. 
The most effectual method of destroying them was to kindle fires at night in the immediate 
neighborhood of the trees they were injuring : attracted by the light of the blaze, thou- 
sands were destroyed with little difficulty, or at a trifling cost. Shaking the trees to dis- 
lodge them, was an effectual means of turning their attention to the light. They appeared 
the last of May and first of June, and continued from eight to twelve days. 

Another instance is related by Dr. Fircu in the Journal of the New-York State Agri- 
cultural Society, where the Phyllophaga quercina appeared in great numbers and suddenly. 
He states that on the farm of Mito Ineausse, an orchard, consisting of about seventy plum 
together with many cherry trees, had their limbs stripped of leaves, buds, ete. while they 
were in bloom : the bugs were hatched out in the course of two nights, and completely 
destroyed all hopes of fruit for fhe season, even if the trees themselves survived defoliation. 

The duration of the individual life of this insect is short, a week or two being the term 
during which it lives : there is, however, a succession of individuals of the species, so 
that the period which they remain is more than a month. After the pairing of the sexes, 


[ AenicutturaLt Rerort — Vot. v-] 10 


74 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


the male soon dies, and the female perforates the soil to the depth of a foot, where she 
deposits her eggs : they are then abandoned, and she returns to the surface to remain a 
short time, when she also perishes. The eggs are said to hatch in about fourteen days. The 
grubs are whitish, and provided with six legs situated near the head, and a pair of strong 
jaws : their heads are brown. These are the grubs that are frequently ploughed up in old 
fields, of a grayish white color, an inch or more in length and a quarter of an inch thick : 
they lie flexed in the form of a circle. They live during the summer near the surface, 
subsisting upon the roots of plants, which they devour in large quantities : as winter 
approaches, they descend below the reach of frost, where they become torpid. Three or 
four seasons are spent in this way, till finally they form a ball of an oval shape, in which 
they enclose themselves and undergo their transformation. 

The ravages of this grub may be much diminished by allowing crows and jays to 
frequent the grounds infested by them : indeed it is the most feasible way of getting rid 
of them; and although most farmers and gardeners carry on an exterminating war with 
crows and blackbirds, yet these blackcoated vagabonds, as Witson calls them, are by no 
Means such great rascals as they are represented : they have redeeming qualities, and the 
destruction of grubs and wireworms are real benefits which they confer upon the farmer. 
The beetles themselves are devoured by skunks. ; 

The beetles of this genus have been very abundant at distant intervals : almost in- 
credible accounts are given of their numbers, especially of the European species. 

Among the numerous remedies recommended for destroying the larva, ploughing, no 
doubt, would have the effect of throwing many of them within the reach of frost ; but if 
done too early, they would have time to bury themselves again. The larvee and perfect 
insects are frequently seen when the ground is broken up in the spring ; and many are 
then destroyed by crows and blackbirds, which follow the ploughman to gather whatever 
may be exposed suitable for their sustenance : they are also destroyed by foxes, weasels, 
owls, and, according to Dr. Harris, the skunk. 

The following extracts are from Loupon’s Magazine of Natural History, Vol. vi, p. 
142 —4 : the rook is a species of crow. 

‘A strong prejudice is felt by many persons against rooks, on account of their destroying 
grain and potatoes ; and so far is this carried, that I know persons who offer a reward for 
every rook that is killed on their land; yet so mistaken do I deem them, as to consider 
that no living creature is so serviceable to the farmer, except the live stock he keeps cn 
his farm, as the rook. In the neighbcrhood of my native place is a rookery in which it is 
estimated there are ten thousand rooks ; that 1 Ib. of food a week is a very moderate al- 
lowance for each bird; and that nine-tenths of their food consist of worms, insects, and 
their larvee : for although they do considerable damage for a few weeks in seedtime and a 
few weeks in harvest, particularly in backward seasons, yet a very large proportion of 
their food, even. at these seasons, cons!s's of insects and worms, which (if we except a few 


FAMILY MELOLONTHID®. 75 


acorns in autumn) form at all other times the whole of their subsistence. Here, then, if my 
data be correct, there is the enormous quantity of 480000 Ibs. or 209 tons of worms, insects 
and their larve, destroyed by the birds of a single rookery ; and to every one who knows 
how very destructive to vegetation are the larve of the tribes of insects (as well as worms) 
fed upon by rooks, some slight idea may be formed of the devastation which rooks are 
the means of preventing. I have understood that in Suffolk, and in some of the southern 
counties, the larvee | of insects allied to Lachnosterna| are so exceedingly abundant that 
the crops [of grain] are almost destroyed by them,and that their ravages do not cease even 
when they have attained to a winged state. Various plans have been proposed to put a 
stop to their depredations ; but I have little doubt that their abundance is to be attributed 
to the scarcity of rooks, as I have somewhere seen an account that rooks in those counties 
are not numerous. 

“A flight of grasshoppers visited Craven, and they were so numerous as to create con- 
siderable alarm among the farmers : they were, however, soon relieved from their anxiety ; 
for the rocks flocked in from all quarters by thousands and tens of thousands, and devoured 
them so greedily that they were destroyed ina short time. 

‘Tt was stated in a newspaper a year or two back, that there was such an enormous 
quantity of caterpillars upon Skiddaw, that they devoured all the vegetation on the 
mountain, and people were apprehensive that they would attack the crops in the enclosed 
lands ; but the rooks, having discovered them, in a very short time put a stop to their 
ravages. 

‘An extensive experiment appears to have been made, the result of which has been the 
opinion that farmers do wrong in destroying rooks, jays, sparrows, and indeed birds in 
general, on their farms, particularly where there are orchards. That birds do mischief 
oceasionally, there can be no doubt; but the harm they do in autumn is amply com- 
pensated by the good they do in spring, by the destructive havoe they make among the 
insect tribes. The quantity of grubs destroyed by rooks, and of caterpillars and their grubs 
by the various small birds, must be annually immense. Other tribes of birds, which feed 
on the wing, as swallows and martins, destroy millions of winged insects. Even some, 
usually supposed to be so mischievous in gardens, have actually been proved only to 
destroy those buds which contain a destructive insect. Ornithologists have of late de- 
termined these facts to be true ; and officers would do well to consider them, before they 
waste the public money in paying rewards to idle boys and girls for the heads of dead 
birds, which only encourages children and other idle persons in the mischievous employ- 
ment of fowling. On some very large farms in Devonshire, the proprietors determined, a 
few years ago, to try the result of offering a great reward for the heads of rooks ; but the 
issue proved destructive to the farms, for nearly the whole of the crops failed for three 
succeeding years, and they have since been forced to import rooks and other birds to re-stcck 
their farms uth.’ ' 


76 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


AREODA LANIGERA. ( Plate x, fig. 4.) 

Large, golden yellow and immaculate : scutellum and thorax give a green reflexion, 

brassy in certain lights. Elytra terminated by a rounded ridge, terminating in a pro- 
minence behind, densely haired beneath. 

It is one of the most common and beautiful beetles of this country. It takes its specific 
name danigera, wool-bearing, from the dense woolly coating with which its abdomen and 
parts beneath are supplied : it is also called the goldsmith beetle, from its beautiful color 
above ; though this name is likewise applied to the Gymnetis nitida, which is about the 
same size, and of a greenish color margined and varied with fulvous. It may be recognized 
by wanting the triangular scutellum at the inner base of the elytra, this portion having 
no apparent juncture with the prothorax.. 

The Areoda is about nine-tenths of an inch long, broad oval in shape, of a lemon-yellow 
color above, burnished like gold on the top of the head and thorax : the underside of the 
body is copper-colored, and thickly covered with whitish wool ; and the legs are brownish 
yellow, or brassy, shaded with green. 

‘These fine beetles begin to appear in Massachusetts about the middle of May, and 
continue generally till the twentieth of June. In the morning and evening twilight they 
come forth from their retreats, and fly about with a humming and rustling sound among 
the branches of trees, the tender leaves of which they devour. Pear-trees are particularly 
subject to their attacks; but the elm, hickory, poplar, oak, and probably also other kinds 
of trees are frequented and injured by them. During the middle of the day they remain 
at rest wpon the trees, clinging to the underside of the leaves ; and endeavor to conceal 
themselves by drawing two or three leaves together, and holding them in this position 
with their long unequal claws. In some seasons they occur in profusion, and then may be 
obtained in great quantities by shaking the young trees on which they are lodged in the 
daytime, as they do not attempt to fly when thus disturbed, but fall at once to the ground. 
The larve of these insects are not known : probably they live in the ground, upon the 
roots of plants” Harris’s Report, p. 22 - 3. 

This insect seems to be local in its distribution, as it occurs plentifully in the publie 
squares of Philadelphia, whilst it is rare in the interior of Pennsylvania. 


PELIDNOTA PUNCTATA. ( Plate x, fig. 6.) 

Large, fuscous brown and uniform : head greenish behind, extending along the sides. 
Sides of the insect marked with four black spots, one upon the thorax, and three 
upon the elyira and standing in a line; beneath, the color is green, glossy or sub- 
metallic. The rings of the abdomen are marked each with a single row of punctures. 

The P. punctata is a fine beetle, with elytra of a pale brown or tile-color, and marked 
as described above : the thorax is darker than the elytra; beneath, the body is brassy 
ereen. They fly by day, and feed almost exclusively on the leaves of the grape, and hence 


FAMILY MELOLONTHIDZ. V7 


may prove injurious to the vine : still their numbers are rarely such as to render them a 
formidable foe. The only mode of destroying them, which is recommended, is to pick them 
off and crush them under the foot. The larve are scarcely injurious, inasmuch as they 
live in rotten wood, as stumps of trees, and such trunks as are decaying upon the ground : 
~ they may be regarded rather as beneficial, by aiding the entire destruction of that which 
only cumbers the ground. 

The perfect insect prevails during the months of July and August. 


P. macutara, an allied species or variety, has the legs and extremity of the abdomen of 
the same color as the upper parts. ‘These beetles fly by day, but may also be seen at the 
same time on the leaves of the grape, which are their only food : they sometimes prove 
very injurious to the vine. The only method of destroying them, is to pick them off by 
hand, and crush them under foot. The larve live in rotten wood, such as the stumps and 
roots of dead trees, and do not differ essentially from those of other scarabeans’ ( Harais, 
p. 23). In the variety which Dr. Metsuemer has designated impunctata, the spots are 
absent. 


Genus CREMASTOCHEILUS ( Knocu). 


Thorax quadrangular, anterior angles prolonged; first joint of the antenne dilated : 
mandibles terminating in a strong curved or scythe-like tooth, and furnished with 
small spines in place of the internal lobe ; last articulation of the palpi long and 
cylindrical : mentum a reversed heart in form; upper angles rounded, without 
emargination (Régne Animal). 


CREMASTOCHEILUS HENTZII. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 2.) 

Color black ; form quadrate, sides parallel ; upper surface punctured : elytra ridged and 

coarsely punctured. The whole surface is clothed with procumbent hairs ; beneath, 
they are stiff, or somewht spinous. Length one-half of an inch. 


OsmMopERMA scABER. Gymnotus s. (Kirby); Trichius s. ( Palisot de Beauv.). 
: ( Plate xii, fig. 9; and plate xxv, fig. 5.) 
Color black, or very dark brown and brassy. Body ovate, flattened ; thorax round, dilated 
transversely, purplish, strongly punctured, and marked by two rounded ridges before ; 
elytra deflexed at the shoulders and behind ; surface sculptured, and rather rough 
than punctured ; scutellum very acute ; beneath dark brown, smooth and glossy ; 
legs long, purplish ; tibize trispinous upon their outer edges. 

The female is larger than the male, and measures an inch in length; the male, about 
eight-tenths of an inch. The name Osmoderma, given by the French naturalists, is indica- 
tive of the odor the insect imparts to the hands when handled. They tly by night, and are 
common in New-England and New-York in the month of July. 


78 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Mr. Harris mentions another species, called the O. erenicolu : its color is deep maho- 
gany brown, smooth, polished ; the male has a deeper tint before the middle of the thorax. 


Genus DICHELONYCHA ( Harnris). 


Labrum transverse, lanceolate ; mandibles short, trigonal, incurved, acute and toothless ; 
maxille minute, linear, bidentate, teeth short; first jot of the palpi minute, the 
second longer than the third : antenne nine-jointed. 

It is more quadrangular and elongated than the Genus Macropacry.uvs. 


DicHELONYCHA ELONGATA. ( Plate xxv, fig. 1.) 

Color light brown : body quadrate, or with parallel sides, and the head extremity equal- 

ling the base ; elytra punctured, and marked with a greenish stripe. Length rather 
more than one-fourth of an inch. 


Genus EUCHLORA (Macreay). Anomara ( Mergerle). 


Evcniora co:Lers (Gr.). ( Plate xxiv, fig. 6.) 
Yellowish brown; back part of the head, and central part of the thorax, shaded with 
darker brown ; elytra bordered with brown. 
Var. atrata. Darker brown, nearly black (fig. 8). 


Genus HOPLIA ( Ixrie.). 


‘ Antenne ten-jointed ; claws simple, but unequal’ ( Westwoop). 


Hopria TRIFASCIATA (S.). ( Plate xxiv, fig. 4.) 

Rufous : surface thickly covered with scale-like grains, with downy hairs ; beneath silvery, 

or rather brassy. Elytra traversed transversely by three paler bars, confluent with 

the darker : post-abdomen covered with brassy granules, similar to the abdomen ; 
legs very long. Female darker than the male. Length one-fourth of an inch. 


Macropactytus supsprnosa (Latr.). Melolontha s. (Fab.). (Pl. v, fig. 13.) 

Jolor yellow or ashen or drab, and clothed with a short dense down. It is slender before, 

but comparatively thick, full and obtuse behind, but tapers gently from the base of 

the elytra to the extremity of the abdomen, the point of which is exposed : labrum 

projecting over the mouth; thorax protuberant laterally, becoming spinous ; elytra 

covered closely with drab-colored hairs, nearly covering the extremity of the abdo- 

men : beneath, the abdomen protuberant and greenish; legs long, rufous, and but 

sparsely hairy ; joints of the tarsi dark brown, and surrounded with small spines : 
this is more conspicuous upon the hindlegs. 


FAMILY MELOLONTHID. 79 


The rosebug, or cherrybug, as it is called, is very destructive. Its generic name Macro- 
dactylus, is derived from the length of the feet ; and its specific or trivial name subspincsus, 
from an incipient spine or swelling upon the sides of the prothorax. It is of a dull yellow 
color, about three-eighths of an inch long, and appears in great abundance in the spring, 
destroying roses and the blossoms of various plants, as well as the foliage of fruit trees, 
including the apple, cherry, plum, and that of the grape. 

Dr. Harris has the credit of being the first to give a satisfactory history of this insect, 

as published in his Report. 

I have been in the habit of destroying this insect, as well as the Ericscma mali, or the 
appletree blight, by hand-crushing. When there is little or no grass beneath the trees, they 
may be beaten down and crushed with the foot ; the best time being the morning, when 
they are somewhat torpid. They may be collected upon sheets, or in vesse!s with a little 
water to prevent their escape ; to be subsequently burned or scalded. Plants infested should 
be visited once or twice a day, and every effort made, by destruction of the present broed, 
to diminish that of the next season. 


Genus CETONIA ( Faz.). 

Antenne short, the basal joint largest and robust, glabrous ; the head three-leaved, elon- 
gated : palpi short, last joint cylindric tapering ; mandibles short ; clypeus quadrate, 
entire in front ; thorax subtrigonal; elytra sinuate at the outer margin near the base 3. 
seutellum elongate and acute ; sternum produced and rounded anteriorly. 


Ceronia rnpa. Scarabeus indus ( Lin.). ( Plate xii, fig. 6.) 


Body ovate and rather depressed, pilose above and beneath. Clypeus deflexed and trun- 
cate : thorax subtriangular, sinuate before, centre of the sinus subdentate, broadly 
sinuate behind for the reception of the scutel ; scutel an isosceles triangle ; elytra 
light brown with black spots scattered over their disks and sides, margins sinuate, 
behind truncate, exposing the abdomen; legs hairy and brown; abdomen brown, 
glossy. 

The thorax is more densely clothed with hairs than the elytra ; the latter are sprinkled 
with spots and dots which are nearly black, some angular, and others sinuate. Color of the 
abdomen and legs nearly uniform : the thorax is also spotted beneath the hairs; the 
sinuated base is naked and fuscous. Length six-tenths of an inch. 

This insect appears twice in the season ; first in March or April, and last in September : 
the latter, as Dr. Harris supposes, is a newly hatched brood, as at no time during the 
summer is an individual to be found. 

These insects appear upon various autumnal flowers, as the goldenrod, in search of 
pollen and honey, and are fond of the sap and sweet juices of trees and plants. They are 


80 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


charged, however, with frequenting orchards and feeding upon the ripening fruits : par- 
ticularly do they select the best peaches, which, if they do not entirely devour, they 
greatly injure by biting them. The distinguished naturalist last above named mentions that 
he has taken a dozen from a single peach. 

When cold weather approaches, they are supposed to secure themselves in some shel- 
tered place, and pass the winter. The March brood, as I have often observed, appear to 
issue directly from the ground; and at numerous places they may he seen in numbers, 
flying low, and hovering over the ground like humblebees, upon which they alight and 
are lost in the dead grass and leaves, or penetrate again into the earth. 

The genera of this family are numerous, and are known as /lcwer beetles. The European 
species Cetonia (Epicometis) hirta is said to destroy apricot blossoms in Malta; and another, 
Cetonia cardui, visits beehives, and destroys the wax and honey (Revue Zoolegique, vii, 96). 
Plates of lead, with small perforations for the bees, were put over the place of ingress ; 
but the cetoniz soon enlarged them : zine was then substituted, and found to answer as 
a protection. 


Crronta fuLerpa ( Fab.). ( Plate xii, fig. 4.) 
Body depressed, ovate. Head small, green above : thorax triangular and brilliant green, 
margined with luteous ; its sides are also slightly dilated ; base slightly sinuous for 
the reception of the scutel, which is an isosceles triangle and green. Elytra luteous, 
sometimes they show a greenish tint, truncate and deflexed behind : at the deflexure 
they are prominent ; the prominence terminates an obscure ridge which runs from the 
shoulders of the elytra; the suture is also elevated, so as to form a central ridge. 
Behind, the abdomen is marked with four triangular mouldy spots : spots similar to 
these extend along the sides of the abdomen ; legs luteous, glossy ; sides of the breast 
hairy ; tarsi and base of the cubits brown, nearly black. Length six-tenths of an inch. 
This insect, which is very common in Maryland, is not very numerous, as I have 
observed, in New-England and New-York : it is more common in the paths in groves than 
elsewhere. 


~ CHAPTER VI. 


ORDER I. COLEOPTERA (Continued). 


3 PRIOCERATA. 


Tue next subtribe of pentamerous beetles is named Priocerara by Mr. Westwoop (Serri- 
cornes, Latr.). They comprise those families whose antenn are short, or only of a moderate 
length, with an equal thickness throughout, and generally attenuated at the tip rather 
than thickened : they are eleven-jointed, but their peculiar characteristic consists in being 
serrated upon their inside ; hence the name serricornes by Latrertie : in the males, they 
are sometimes pectinated. The insect has two short robust maxillary and labial palpi : 
body elongate and narrow; elytra narrowed behind, covering the abdomen. 

The Priocerata are divided into two sections, the Macrosterni and the Aprosternt, by 
Westwoop. The first comprises the old genera Burrestis and Exarer, the consistence of 
whose bodies is firm, and their forms elliptic and elongate, but narrowed behind : their 
legs are short, and either partially or wholly retractile ; and their heads are short, and are 
received into a cylindrical excavation in the prothorax, or in front up to their eyes. The 
pectus advances beneath the mouth, and is also produced behind to a point. 

These beetles, for beauty and splendor of coloring, are among the finest of the class of 
insects : they are rich in the metallic hues which ornament their bodies and elytra. They 
fly swiftly, but walk slowly, from the shortness of their legs. They make their escape, 
when in danger of being captured, by falling suddenly into the grass and weeds. 

The Burrestips, or bupestrians, have an oval form, being widest behind the thorax and 
obtuse before, but narrower behind and frequently acute : their bodies are also wider than 
deep, with a thorax wider behind than before. The head, according to the typical character 
of the family, is sunk into the thorax up to the eyes : the antenne are short, and serrate 
on the inside. The thorax is widest behind, and fits very closely to the base of the elytra. 
The legs are set widely apart, and are short, and hence their stand is firm : the soles of 
the fourth joints of the feet are furnished with spongy cushions, and the foot terminated 
with two claws : the scutel is small. The insects are rarely seen, except in hot sunny days, 
when they may be found on fences, limbs of trees, or sides of houses, basking in the sun : 
they never fly in the night. 

[ AcricutturAL Report — Vot. v.] 11 


82 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 
wD 

Although the buprestidz are among the most elegant and beautiful of the coleoptera, 
yet their larve are one and all more or less injurious to fruit and forest trees. The eggs of 
the female are deposited upon the trunks and limbs of trees, and, when hatched, the young 
grubs penetrate slowly through the bark; and as they are often many years in coming to 
maturity, time and opportunity is given for extensive injury : it is here they undergo their 
transformation. z 

The larve of this natural family of insects have a very close resemblance to each other, 
and hence a brief description of a single species will be sufficient to convey an idea of 
their general characteristics. These larve, then, are white or yellowish white, rather long, 
narrow and somewhat flattened, and furnished each with a small brown head sunk into a 
suddenly and abruptly widened out thorax, conveying at first view the impression that the 
head is very large, whereas it is only two or three of the last rings that are thus suddenly 
widened out and enlarged : the upper jaws are supplied with three black teeth. There are 
no legs or other apparatus for locomotion, except two tubercles placed on the under side 
of the second from the thorax. When drawn out of its burrow, the larva progresses by a 
kind of wriggling motion, frequently rolling over, though not so often as the more cylin- 
drical larva of the boring coleoptera. They are found both beneath the bark and in the 
wood : under the bark, they lie partly coiled, or in the form of a semicircle. The pupa 
bears a very close resemblance to the perfect insect : it is found very near the outer 
surface of the bark, so that when the transformation is complete, the insect has only to 
perforate a thin scale of bark to escape from its prison into open day. 

The oaks, hickories and pines are the kinds of trees most usually infected with the 
bupestrian larve ; and, unfortunately, our knowledge of the ways and means by which 
these larvee may be destroyed are few and uncertain : the knife and wire are the only 
infallible means to remove them, when once they are in possession of the premises. Our 
preventive means, however, in the ease of fruit, are more effectual ; such as scraping and 
washing the trunk and large limbs, at those seasons of the year when they are known to 
deposit their eggs. This kind of care and attention is rarely bestowed except in the spring, 
which, so far as the family of borers is concerned, is perfectly ineffectual, as their eggs are 
laid in the months of June, July and August. The perfect insect, though it may feed on 
leaves, is comparatively harmless. There is, however, no provision which is so important 
to keep in check the ravages of these and all other insects, as the preservation and pro- 
tection of birds. The woodpecker in particular deserves the protection of the farmer, in- 
asmuch as it is eminently successful in detecting the presence of the larve of the borers, 
as well as very expert in dragging them from their burrows. 


FAMILY BUPRESTIDA. 83 


" Buprestide. 
z 
Genus BUPRESTIS ( Liyy.). 

Antenne subfiliform, serrated in both sexes ; basal joint elongate, subclavated ; terminal 
one small. Palpi, maxillary subfiliform, the terminal joint slightly tumid ; labial, 
minute, the labrum attenuated and slightly emarginated in front. Mandibles slightly 
bifid at the apex : maxillee small, somewhat bilobed at the tip. Head deflexed, short, 
retuse : thorax with the posterior margin closely applied to the base of the elytra; 
the latter elongated, trigonate, entire or serrated : legs slender; tarsi with the pe- 
nultimate joint bilobed (SrErHens). 


& 


A. Elytra dentate, and serrate at the apex. 


~ 


Burrestis (CHALcopHora) virernica ( Drury). ( Plate v,. fig. 5.) 
Form oval : color dark brown and sometimes almost black, with brassy metallic reflec- 
tions, more distinct beneath. Surfaces, above and beneath punctured ; above, sculp- 
tured in interrupted parallel lines. Top of the head deeply indented longitudinally ; 
indentation linear, and extending to the front. Thorax marked by three distinct 
eminences, one of which is central. Elytra margined, sculptured or interruptedly 
ridged ; base coarsely plicated ; outer angle rounded and serrate ; inner angle ter- 
minated by a very short spine : the under side is furnished with a short whitish down. 

It is nearly an inch in length, and quite robust. 
The larvee inhabit pine trees, to which they are very injurious. The perfect insect ap- 

pears in June. 


Buprestis FuLvo-eurrara ( Harris). B. americana ( Kirby). 

Above black bronze; underneath metallic, glossy, punctured. Scutellum very small. 
Thorax marked by waving transverse lines. Elytra granulated and ornamented with 
six yellowish spots, but variable in number; tops rounded : underside of the ab- 
domen, near the extremity, thickly punctured. Length 3- to 4-tenths of an inch. 

The forelegs in this species are without teeth. It is the B. drwmmondi of the fourth vo- 
lume of the Fauna Boreali Americane. 
Lorn eh upon trunks of the white pine in June. 


Burrestis (Anopris) rascrata ( Fab.). ( Plate v, fig. 1.) 

Flattened above. Color fine brilliant green, nearly of one uniform tint, punctured above 
and beneath. Mandibles stout and black : eyes black, ovate : thorax has four slight 
depressions : scutellum small and triangular. Elytra finely lined, and marked by 
transverse yellow bands : the first is a mere oblong transverse spot, near the middle ; 


84 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


the largest, is an undulating band extending nearly across the elytrum, and the last 
is a spot near the apex : the spots are surrounded with a black glossy border. The 
apex has a steel-blue reflexion, and is bidentate. 

This is one of the finest beetles belonging to this family : it varies in length from four 
to six-tenths of an inch. The bands are variable in number : they are found some with 
three, others with two, which is the most common, and still another variety has only one. 

[ I have observed, in some of the plates, the color of the figure is too black, and the 
green too indistinct. | 


BupreEstTIis 


( Plate xxxi, fig. 11.) 
Slightly depressed, widened posteriorly and punctured. Mandibles narrow, black ; beneath 
purplish green : eyes black : antenne green : head and thorax green, cupreous and 
metallic. Elytra bordered with metallic purple; disk green, forming a middle lon- 
gitudinal band; also marked with four elevated lines, truncate, and terminated at 
the inner angle with a minute spine. 
This beautiful species was found at Albany : its elytra are finely bordered with purple ; 
the sutural line is divided into two near the base, and is dotted between. It appears to be 
rare, as it is the only one I have seen in any of our collections. 


Buprestis (CHRYSOBOTHRIS) DENTIPES (Germar). ( Plate v, fig. 2.) 

Depressed or flattened, oblong oval, purplish copper-color above ; beneath copper-colored, 

finely punctured. Surface covered in patches with a kind of shagreen. Thorax marked 
with two elevated lines : elytra rounded behind. 

This species is still less convex than the divaricata : its metallic hues are less distinct, 
it is destitute of denticles at the apex of the wing-covers, its eyes are much smaller, and 
its mouth differently constructed. It inhabits the different species of oaks, and is not found 
about our fruit orchards or gardens. It is the B. characteristica of Harris ( New-England 
Farmer, Vol. viii, p. 2). : 


Buprestis (Curysoporuris) FEMORATA ( Fab.). ( Plate v, fig. 3.) 

Rather depressed. Color black and bronzed above, glossy and metallic beneath : upper 

side the abdomen is green, punctured above and underneath. Eyes gray. Head is 

marked with an elevated line, and covered with short whitish hairs in front. Elytra 
rounded ; the posterior edge subserrate, or scarcely serrated. 

This species is smaller than the dentipes. It has a well marked tooth inside of the thigh 
of the forelegs. The elytra are rather shorter than the abdomen, and have an approach to 
three pair of impressed gray transverse spots. It varies in size ; not exceeding, however, 
half an inch in length. 

T took many individuals of this species in Canandaigua several years since, in June, 
upon a black oak. The foregoing species appear to be widely distributed. 


FAMILY BUPRESTIDA. 85 


B. Margin without serratures. 


BupreEstis pivaricata (Say). Cherrytree Buprestis. * (Plate v, fig 4.) 
Convex ; greenish cupreous above, purplish and metallic beneath, confluently punctured 
above and beneath. Elytra attenuate, divaricate or divergent at their tips : thorax 
indented before the scutel ; scutel small and indented : elytra marked with lines and 
with abbreviated elevations ; tips narrowed and prolonged beyond the abdomen, and 
truncate and submucronate on the inner side. Length seven-tenths of an inch. 
According to Say, it resembles the /urida of Fasricius in general appearance. 


Burrestis Luripa ( Fab.). 
Above dull brassy ; beneath brassy with purplish hues and bright, confluently punctured 
above and beneath. Mandibles black : eyes dark brown or black : thorax dilated 
*before its middle, coarsely sculptured, and impressed with grooves rather than lines. 
Elytra coarsely sculptured, marked with wider abbreviated lines, and connected by 
branching ridges; behind they are slightly attenuate, projecting just beyond the 
pointed abdomen, and terminated with two submucronate points.» 

This species differs from the former, in being destitute of lines, having fewer confluent 
punctures, coarseness of the markings, less attenuated tips of the elytra, and their ter- 
mination in two short spines instead of one. The larva is described by Mr. Harris as 
destructive to the pignut hickory: it is of a yellowish white; long, narrow, depressed 
in form, and abruptly widened at the anterior extremity : head brown, small, and deeply 
sunk in the forepart of the first segment; jaws three-toothed, black : no legs, nor sub- 
stitutes except two small warts on the underside of the second segment of the thorax. 

These grubs exist in the wood and beneath the bark, sometimes in great numbers : the 
pupa resembles the perfect insect. 


AGRILUS RUFICOLLIS, a member of the Family Burprestipm, was described by Professor 
Hatpeman in the American Quarterly Journal of Agriculture and Science, Vol. iv, p. 200, 
fig. 1, as follows : ‘This little insect,so hurtful to the raspberry, is about three lines long; 
black, minutely punctured, thorax and front brassy ; front with a vertical impression : 
a wide shallow impression across the thorax posteriorly, and another at the base of the 
elytra. In this particular case, the knowledge of the appearance of the insect is not es- 
sential, as far as the means of preventing its depredations are concerned, although it is 
always interesting to know whence an injury proceeds. 

‘Tn its larva state, Agrilus ruficollis lives at the expense of the cultivated Rubus (rasp- 
berry), in the heart of which the pupa may be found in the month of May, the imago 
appearing in June. The larva bores between the wood and bark, injuring the plant, and 
causing a wide unsightly excrescence : it next penetrates to the pith, which it traverses 


for two or three feet, finally excavating a cavity in which it undergoes its transformations.’ 
‘ 


86 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Elateride. 


Tue most distinct characters of this family are found in the form and structure of the 
posterior part of the thorax and sternum : the sides of the former are prolonged into a 
tooth, and the latter is produced into a spine which fits into a groove of the abdomen. 
This arrangement of parts enables the insect, when upon its back, to spring upwards and 
alight upon its feet : this is the only mode by which it can recover its standing, when 
accidentally upset ; and from this cireumstance these insects are called spring beetles, or 
snapbugs. Their antenne are short and filiform, and either serrate or pectinate ; the palpi 
terminate with a triangular or reniform joint ; the mandibles are bifid at the apex : body 
linear and depressed : thorax with the hinder and lateral angles produced into a point ; 
the margin is also grooved for the reception of the short antenne. The sternum is produéed 
behind into a spine, which fits into a groove in the base of the abdomen. The females are 
furnished with a tripartite ovipositor. 

Tn this family, as in the preceding, the head is received into the thorax deeply, and the 
legs and antenne are short and slender. 

The larve live upon the roots of vegetables, wood, ete., and are very injurious to corn 
and herbaceous roots. They are known in New-York and New-England by the name of 
wireworms, from their form and hardness : they resemble, however, a species of Tuxvs, 
which belongs to the Class Myriapopa, and should therefore not be confounded with it ; 
a mistake which it is quite unnecessary to commit, as the myriapod has many feet, while 
the wireworm has only six. 

Although the elaterids, in their perfect state, are closely allied to the buprestide, yet 
their larve have feet, while the larve of the latter family are destitute of them : so the 
enlargement or dilatation near their heads is equally distinctive ; but there is one kind of 
resemblance common to both, for they both live several years in the larval state,and hence 
have abundance of time to do much injury. When a field becomes infested with wire- 
worms, the indian corn and other cultivated crops are often entirely destroyed, and many 
times require replanting. The larva eats either through the kernel after it is swollen, or 
else through the young shoot. I have seen two wireworms in the same swollen kernel. 
They atfack grass, and all the cereals; and in consequence of their long continuance in 
this state, the soil becomes infested with them. 

Soils which are the most infested with these larvz are usually poor; and one of the 
most effective modes that can be adopted in the cultivation of such land, is to enrich it. 
Another mode which aids very materially in the extirpation of the wireworm, is to plough 
late in the fall : it is supposed that by exposing the ground freely to the action of frost, 
the larve must perish from cold. 


FAMILY ELATERID®. 87 


Much has been said in the agreultural journals about the use of substances supposed t¢ 
be noxious to this insect, still there is no proof that any such remedy has been effectual 
Salt is usually relied on, but experience does not sustain its use. So far as salt contributes 
to the amount of fertilizing matter, it will prove useful : beyond that, it is useless. 

In gardens where these larve are common, Mr. Harris recommends the English mode 
of extirpating them : this mode consists in baiting them with slices of potatoes or turnips, 
which are scattered over the ground at night. Early in the morning the larve are found 
above ground feeding upon the bait, when they are collected and destroyed. 


Genus ELATER. 


‘This genus is characterized by the shortness of the antenne, which have a short robust 
basal joint, the second and third joints small and subglobose, and with their margins 
serrate upon their outer sides. Head small and retracted ; eyes small : thorax gene- 
rally elongate, with the posterior angles produced : body only slightly convex, linear 
elongate, sometimes subovate : legs short ; tarsi simple. 


Exarter (Axavus) ocutatus ( Fab.). ( Plate v, fig. 6.) 

Form elongate, depressed. Color black, sprinkled with gray. Head small : thorax large, 
quadrangular, and marked by two ovate black velvety spots situated rather in ad- 
vance of the middle. Elytra are marked with slender lines ; posterior angles rounded. 

The underside of the body, and of the legs, is covered with a gray mealy substance. 

This singular beetle is found in midsummer upon walls and fences. It is one of our 
largest beetles ; varying, however, from 1} to 1} inches in length : the largest specimens 
are nearly half an inch wide. It is glossy black, powdered with white specks. The head 
has a deep wide impression; the prothorax is an oblong parallelogram, and the eyelike 
spots are surrounded by a white ring. It is widely distributed, as I have found it south and 
north, It appears, therefore, at different times in different latitudes : in North-Carolina, 
. the last of May ; in Pennsylvania, in June; and in New-York and New-England, in July 
and August. 

Mr. Hatpeman has found the larva of this beetle in ash trees in an incipient decay : it 
is of various sizes. Mr. Harris has found the larva in old apple trees : it is not, therefore, 
confined to a single species of trees. In old trees infested with them, it is recommended 
to remove and burn them. 

The larve are of a yellowish white color, or reddish ; and, when fully grown, the largest © 
individuals measure two and a half inches in length. The head is rough, brown and broad ; 
the mandibles are strong and curved : they have six legs, and the last segment of the body 
is furnished with a prop foot ; and the sides are armed with hooks and short spines. 


88 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Exater ( PyropHorus) NOcCTILUCUS. 

This species is noticed merely to state the fact that some of the spines are: phosphore- 
scent : they constitute the fire beetles of the West Indies, and feed upon the sugar cane. 
They resemble the oeu/atus in form and size, but the eyelike spots give out a strong light; 
so also it is emitted from the segments of the body. 


ELATER ( Meranorus) communis (Schénherr). 
Color light brown, hairy, subacute behind : thorax furrowed in the middle : elytra, at 
their bases, are marked with about five sulci. Length half an inch. 
It is common during the spring and summer months. 


Exarter ( MELANoTUS) GLANDICOLOR. ( Plate v, fig. 9.) 
Color brown : head small; head, thorax, elytra and abdomen covered with white or ash 
gray hairs. Elytra narrowed behind; anterior margin or base marked with 3 short sulci. 


Exarer ( Menanotus) ciNEREvs. 
Color brown; hairy. Thorax punctured, and marked by about ten obsolete cross lines? 
they give the appearance of a reticulated structure. Length about half an inch, and 
is found in April, May and June. 


Evater (Luprvs) APPRESSTFRONS (Say). 

Oolor chestnut-brown, but hoary from being clothed with short yellow close-pressed hairs ; 
cylindrical, slender. Angles of the thorax prolonged : elytra finely punctured, and 
also marked by slender lines. Length about half an inch. 

According to Dr. Harris, the females are more robust and larger than the males, and 
the brevicornis of Say is identical with this species. The elytva are marked by about ten 
distinct lines each : the legs are lighter colored than the elytra, and clothed with hairs / 
aud the prolonged outer angles of the thorax are exeurved. 


Exarter (Acriores) opesus (Say). : 

Color reddish brown : body somewhat dilated and short : seute]l rounded and hairy. The 
elytra are punctured, and clothed in much the same manner as the foregoing. Length 
less than half an inch. The lines of the elytra are only about seven in number, and 
the hairs upon the upper side are arranged in lines or stripes. 

It is found in the spring among the roots of grass, and it is observed by Mr. Harris that 
its grub resembles the wireworm of Europe. 


Eater ( Plate v, fig. 7.) 

This species was found dead : it is much larger than the appressifrons, and of a light 

brown color. I believe now that though it may not be a common species, still, as it is 

faded, it will probably be a matter of doubt to what species it really belongs, and there- 
fore I omit further allusion to it. 


FAMILY LAMPYRID. 89 


Lampyride. 


Tue glowworms and fireflies constitute a part of this interesting family of insects. Their 
bodies are elongated and greatly depressed, and soft : the elongation affects the abdomen, 
the thorax and head being very short, and the latter concealed in the former. The females 
are sometimes destitute of wings. Their colors are dull, though a considerable variety 
exists, and the markings of the thorax are very peculiar, the ornamental colors consisting 
of red and yellow combined with black. They are said to be voracious, and feeders upon 
flesh, subsisting upon snails, ete. When alarmed, they fold up their antenne and feet, and 
remain motionless : if disturbed, they fall into the grass or leaves. They are common on 
fences and walls during the summer and spring. Some species fly into the windows at 
night, being attracted by the light of the candle. 

The family is characterized anatomically by the different authors as having filiform or 
serrated antenne, with compressed joints ; the penultimate joint of the tarsi bilobed ; the 

"parts of the mouth small : mandible small, acute and curved. 


Genus LAMPYRIS ( Lin.). 


‘Head not rostrated, covered by thorax : females apterous : mandibles entire’ ( Wesr- 
woop). 


Lampyris niaricans (Knoch). ( Plate xxi, fig. 3.) 
‘ Brownish black : thorax with a rufous spot each side within the margin’ ( Say). 
The margin of the thorax appears wetted, and the thorax is edged with brownish. 


LAMPYRIS SCINTILLANS. ( Plate xxi, fig. 5.) 
Disk of the thorax rufous, with an angular brown spot in the centre ; border yellow : 
elytra brown, bordered with yellow. 


Lampyris ANGULATA. ( Plate xxi, fig. 4.) 

Color pale fuscous, the darker indistinctly defined. Thorax marked with an angular and 

pointed patch of brown on its posterior part, and surrounded with rufous : sides of 

the brown anterior part furnished with a pair of oval yellowish spots. Elytra brown, 
bordered with yellow. 


LAMpyYRIs LATICORNIS. ( Plate xxi, fig. 2.) 
Antenne conspicuous and compressed. Thorax ornamented with an oval central black 
spot, pointed_before, and bordered with rufous; margin pale yellow : beneath, the 
colors correspond to those above. Elytra plain dull black, black beneath. Length 
one-fourth of an inch. 
< [ AcricuttuRaLt REport— VOL. v.] 12 


90 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


LAMPYRIS CORRUSCA. ( Plate xxi, fig. 1.) 

Thorax with a black spot, rounded at the sides, and prolonged to the anterior extremity 

of the thorax, bordered with rufous and yellowish ; margin with a black narrow 
border. Elytra black or dark brown. 


LAMPYRIS VERSICOLOR,. ( Plate xxi, fig. 6.) 

Body long. Thorax lined with black in the centre and posteriorly, and with oval rufous 

spots on each side; margin yellow. Elytra dark brown, margined with yellow, and 

with an acute band behind, running from the anterior and outer angle to the opposite 
interior angle. Length rather more than one-fourth of an inch. 


Genus DICTYOPTERA (Lr.). Lycus (Stph.}. 


‘Head short : females winged : mandibles entire’ (Wrstwoop). 


DicryoprERA TERMINALIS. ( Plate xxi, fig. 8.) 

Thorax black in the middle, bordered with reddish yellow : antenne, legs and abdomen 

black : elytra pale orange, terminated with blue-black, and longitudinally veined ; 

inosculating transverse veinlets between and uniting them ; wings bordered with pale 
orange, shaded at their extremity. Length? 


DicryopreRA RETICULATA. ( Plate xxi, fig. 7.) 
Thorax with a central black spot, bordered with orange : antennz, legs and abdomen 
black : elytra orange, with two large blue-black oval spots; veins six, alternately 
thick and thin : wings black at their tips, and shaded blackish. Length? 
Both species are furnished with conspicuous antenne. 


Telephoride. 


TELEPHORUS ? ( Plate xxvi, fig. 1.) 

Body soft, elongate, linear : elytra covering the abdomen; terminal joint of the labial 

palpi securiform ; eyes prominent. Color of the body, head, and middle of the thorax 

black or dark brown ; middle of the elytra brown, edges rufous ; labrum and outer 
margins of the thorax thin and rufous. Length half an inch. 


Omatisus coccrnatus (Say). 
Thorax indented : elytra orange, reticulated with longitudinal veins and a transverse 
network of veinlets : antennz slightly rufous, and bordering upon brown or black. 


FAMILY CLERIDA. 91 


Cleride. 


Antenna subclavate, the three or four last joints being thickened : the head is more or 
less retractile ; and the anterior parts, head and thorax, appear elongated, while the 
abdomen is short. The thorax and body are both subrotund ; the last joint but one of the 
tarsi, bifid. 

The family is composed of small but beautiful insects : they live in wood, and some- 
times in the dried remains of animals, in which yespect they seem to resemble the der- 
mestide. Others frequent beehives, and feed upon the larve of the bee. 


Genus CLERUS (Gerorr.). Tricnopes ( Fab.). 


‘ Tarsi with the basal joints scarcely visible ; labial palpi terminated by a large hatchet- 
‘shaped joint; terminal joint of the antenne acutely produced within’ (Wrstwoop). 


CLERUS APIARIUS. ( Plate ii, fig. 8.) 
Color steel-blue, pubescent : elytra vermilion, with three transverse bands of deep violet. 


Genus THANASIMUS ( Larr.). 


Antenne gradually clavate : maxillary palpi small ; labial palpi terminated by a hatchet- 
shaped joint; basal tarsi joint small. 


THANASIMUS DUBIUs ( Latr.). ( Plate viii, fig. 7.) 

Color brown and fuscous, pubescent ; madibles aud eyes black ; head, thorax and base of 

the elytra fuscous. Neck surrounded with a collar : thorax emarginate before, deeply 

grooved transversely behind, and exserted. Elytra fuscous and strongly punctured at 

base, banded with rufous white and dark brown or black ; thighs fuscous ; tibia and 
first joints of the tarsi dark brown. 

One-third of the basal portion of the elytra is pubescent; the remainder, or banded 
portion, is clothed with close-pressed short hairs : on the undulating whitish bands, the 
hair is dirty white. Length one-fourth of an inch. 

This species of Thanasimus is found upon the pine, both in the living and decayed state 
of the tree. 

The larva of one of the English species of Cirrus, C. apiarius, is found in beehives, and 
is highly injurious to the community, as it feeds upon the grubs of the bees. It is an 
European insect, and is not known in this country ; but as other members of the family 
may have the same habits, it is important that they should be found out. 


92 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Ptinidae. 


Tue family Prixinz is composed of a number of small insects, which "are sufficiently 
abundant at times to cause considerable damage : they are found in the woodwork of old 
houses ; in furniture and books, dried plants, ship biscuit, wafers, grain, ete. The Genus 
Ayosium is one of these, and has acquired the name of deathwatch, from the noise it makes. 


Genus PTINUS. 
‘Antenne long, slender and simple, inserted close together; eyes prominent; elytra 
‘ separated ; body oblong’ ( Wesrwoop). 


Prinus FuR ( Linn.). 

This is a small oval insect of a reddish brown color, one-eighth of an inch in Jength, 
with the head and prothorax small and the feet and antenne long and slender. The elytra 
are covered with hairs, and have a longitudinal stria filled with punctures. It is very 
destructive when numerous, and is common to Europe and America : in Europe, it de- 
stroys stored wheat. Dr. Hatpeman remarks that he has found it feeding upon the corn- 
stalks used to line cases of insects in an entomological collection, in the month of Fe- 
bruary. It seems to be a general feeder. 


Lymexylonidae. 


Tue destruction of ship-timber collected in dockyards, which so often happens, is fre- 
quently effected by the Lymexylon navale, a species of insect belonging to this family, and 
found in Europe. The cause of the damage was investigated by Linneus, at the request of 
the King of Sweden; and when he discovered it, he recommended immersing the timber 
in water during the period when the female insect. would be engaged in depositing her 
eggs. Dr. Harris describes. an American species, or one belonging to the allied genus 


Hy ecetus. 


CupEs CAPITATA. 

Color black : head red or ferruginous, strongly ridged and transversely grooved, and 
furnished with two prominent tubercles : thorax with three longitudinal ridges : 
elytra strongly ridged, with two rows of punctures upon the back, and three between 
the lateral ridges. 


- FAMILY BOSTRICHID-©. 93 


Bostrichide. 


Tus family is distinguished by the eylindrical form of the insect, and by the front of the 
prothorax, which is obliquely truncate. In this climate these insects are smal], but within 
the tropics there are some large species. They all infest forest trees, burrowing either 
beneath the bark or into the wood. The power they possess of penetrating hard substances 
is quite remarkable : seasoned timber is easily cut by them, and the lead of the roofs of 
houses scarcely presents an obstruction. At Turin, cartridges stored in barrels were eaten 
through, and the leaden balls gnawed an eighth of an inch in depth. The Bostrichus ca- 
pucinus, the species on which the genus was first established by Grorrroy, has been found 
gnawing type metal, which is considerably harder than lead. Their bodies are hard, and 
generally black or of a dark rusty brown : the thorax is dilated before ; the antenne short, 
and terminate in three large serrated joints. The larvee are wood-eaters also, of a whitish 
color, wrinkled above, and furnished with six legs. 


Genus APATE. Bosrricuus (Oliv.). 
Elytra spinose and retuse posteriorly : antenne with the second joint elongate, cylindric ; 
terminal joints forming a perfoliated club. 


APATE BASILARIS. 

Color black or dark brown : prothorax rough and punctured ; base of the elytra red, 
punctured, aud the posterior extremity obliquely truncate and furnished with three 
teeth on each side. Length rather more than one-fourth of an inch. 

This species is found as far south as Carolina. It perforates the shagbark hickory dia- 
metrically through the trunk to the very heart, where it undergoes its transformations at 
the bottom of its burrow ( Harris on injurious insects). 

In Italy, the branches of the Morus multicaulis are perforated by the pate sexdentate. 
Many other species commit great havoc in forests, perforating the wood and burrowing 
beneath the bark, by which the circulation of the sap is cut off. 

Dr. Hatprman remarks in a manuscript note, that some strips of hickory which he had 
employed to confine rose plants were destroyed in two years. The hickory is a tree that 
suffers much from the attacks of boring insects ; and hoop-poles made of hickory saplings 
are frequently destroyed, or rendered useless in a few months. Barrel hoops, made of this 
excellent material, are often attacked, so that much inconvenience, if not actual loss, may 
be the result. The proper remedy seems to be the immersion of the poles in water, or 
storing them in cellars, during the deposition of the eggs. The latter mode is sometimes 
adopted, but the former would have the advantage of destroying young grubs already 
deposited. 


94 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


From the great and increasing value of the forests in New-York and Pennsylvania, it 
becomes necessary to direct attention to these destroyers, that proper care may be taken to 
prevent their increase. Although living trees are subject to attack, these insects have the 
peculiarity of flocking to recently cut timber. On this account, infected trees should be 
cut down and the bark subsequently removed and burnt, and the wood cut up and applied 
as fuel, turned into charcoal, or immersed in water. Some European authors contend that 
healthy trees are not attacked by these insects; and that when the attack has been com- 
menced, it is an indication that the tree is in a state of incipient decline. 


CHAPTER VEE. 


ORDER I. COLEOPTERA ( Continued). 


HETEROMERA. 


Tuts division comprehends those insects in which the four anterior tarsi are five-jointed, 
while the posterior pair are only four-jointed. They are mostly vegetable feeders, some 
preferring leaves, others flowers, and others farinaceous matters. There is great diversity 
in their color and habitat : some are beautifully ornamented, others dark and gloomy : 
some prefer the light of day, and are found upon the wing sporting in the beams of the 
sun; others inhabit dark and gloomy places, retiring from day, and abiding in obscure 
and unfrequented situations. In these respects, however, we find elsewhere similar ar- 
rangements and diversities. ? 

The Herreromera are subdivided by Westwoop into two sections or tribes, the first of 
which he calls Tracnetia. The head in this tribe is considerably dilated behind the eyes, 
and then narrowed again, so that the thorax does not equal the broadest part of the head. 
The body of the insect is also of a soft consistence, and the elytra are flexible, and folded 
or overlapped on their inner margin. The Canruanis is an example of this subdivision, as 
to the character of the elytra and the softness of body and gay color of the insect. 

The other great tribe or subdivision is the Arracuetta. In this tribe the thorax has the 
width of the head, the posterior part of which is often concealed by the thorax. The habits 
of the insects also serve to distinguish them from the first subdivision : they appear in 
dull colors, rarely fly by day, and seek concealment in darkness. Among the ATRACHELIA 
we find the Genera Buars and TEnesrio. 

The Tracuetra comprise the Notoxide, Pyrochroide, Lagriide, Horiide, Mordellide. 
Cantharide, Salpingide, (idemeride, and Melandryide ; in all nine families. 

The ArracHeLia embrace only six families, namely, the Cistelide, Helopide, Tene- 
brionide, Diaperide, Blapside and Pimeliide. 


96 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Pyrochroidae. 


Bopy narrowed in front, and flattened; neck distinct; thorax suborbicular ; antenne 
rather longer than the head and thorax, pectinated in the males. 


DenproipEs canapensis (Lt.). ( Plate xxv, fig. 2.) 

Eyes very large, nearly meeting above and below, terminating sharply beneath and rounded 

above : thorax rufous and punctured : elytra chestnut brown, glossy, beautifully 
punetured and long, and larger than the abdomen ; antenne distantly pectinated. 


Genus PYROCHROA (Fas.). Canruaris ( Lin.). 


Antenne rather longer than the head and thorax, pectinated in the males : eyes distant. 


PyRocHROA FLABELLATA. ( Plate xxv, fig. 4.) 
Eyes in the males distant, but large : antennz pectinated : head and thorax rufous : elytra 
black or dark brown, finely punctured, and extending beyond the abdomen ; thighs 
banded with rufous at both extremities ; antenne black, rufous at base ; last segment 

of the abdomen brownish. 


Cantharidae. 


Tue cantharides, or blistering flies used in medicine, are represented amongst us by the 
allied genus Ericaura, having the same property of raising blisters. They are slender 
soft-bodied insects, with slender legs, the prothorax narrowed before, and the head large. 
They are at times abundant upon potato vines, whence they have acquired the name of 
potato fly, particularly the Epicauta vittata : it attacks the potato, convolvulus, and other 
plants, from June to September. It may, with the other species, be collected with a muslin 
bag having the mouth attached to a hoop; thrown into water to prevent escape, and 
subsequently scalded and dried for the use of the druggist. 


EpicauTA VITTATA. ( Plate v, fig. 14.) 

Color black : third joint of the antenne longest : front of the head marked by two black 

kidneyform spots : thorax furnished with a small labial tubercle, and marked with 

three fuseous strips, the two lateral ones obscure ; the middle of the thorax promi- 

nent. Elytra margined all around with fuscous border, and marked in the middle with 

a stripe of the same color : thighs fuscous at the articulation ; lower extremities and 
tibie and tarsi black. Length six-tenths of an inch. 


FAMILY CANTHARIDZ, CISTELIDA) AND DIAPERID®. 97 


Genus CANTHARIS (Georr.). Lyra ( Fab.). 
Body narrow; wings two; elytra elongate ; last joint of the maxillary palpi subovate. 
CANTHARIS CINEREA. 
Insect elongated, narrow, cinereous, and covered with short close-pressed hairs : antenne 


dark brown. ; 
The whole insect has a hoary appearance. 


CANTHARIS ATRATA. ( Plate xxv, fig. 6.) 
Insect jet black : legs, body and thorax shining : elytra rather dull. 
Sometimes I have found great numbers of this insect devouring the flowers of the china 
aster, in the months of August and September. 


Gexus MELOE (Lyiyy.). 


Wings none: elytra short, lapping within ; antenne various. 


MELOE ANGUSTICOLLIs. 
Insect steel-blue : head and thorax punctured ; two ovoid spaces on each side of the 


thorax, smooth. Elytra sculptured : the two last and part of the third ring of the 
abdomen naked. 


Cistelidae. 


Genus CISTELA (Fasz.). Curysomera (Linn.). 


*Ovate : thorax semicircular ; mandibles bifid ; maxillary palpi subsecuriform’ ( Wesr- 
woop). 


CisTELA BREvIs (Say). 
Brown, widest near the middle : thorax terminated behind and laterally by a sharp angle : 
elytra punctured and slightly ridged ; legs rather long, ana paler than the body. 


Diaperidae. 
Genus BOLETOPHAGUS (Fas.). Exepona ( Lat.). 


Obtuse, ovate, convex : thorax crenated ; antenne curved, clubbed and serrated. 


[ AcricuLTuRAL Report— Volt. v.] 13 


98 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


BoLETOPHAGUS CORNUTUS. ( Plate v, fig. 12.) 
Brown, scabrous : elytra furnished with three rows of tubercles. Male thorax furnished 
with two curled horns leaning forward, yellow, villose on their under sides ; labrum 
furnished with two pointed upright horns, or pointed tubercles : thorax of the female 
furnished with two short notched tubercles ; margin of the thorax dilated, tuberculate 

and serrate. 


Helopidae. 


Tue colors of this family of insects are rather lively : their elytra are free, and the wings 
are usually simple. The larve are found in wood or under the bark of trees : some, in the 
perfect state, frequent umbelliferous flowers. 


Pitno americanus ( Knoch). ( Plate xxv, fig. 9.) 
Brown, darker above, and slightly brassy or submetallic ; head and thorax darker than 


the elytra. 


Tenebrionidae, Blapsidae, and Pimeliidae. 


ANATOMICAL CHARACTERIsTics. Tarsi and tarsal claws entire ; sides of the head parallel ; 
antenne rather short, moniliform, and inserted beneath the widened margins of the head ; 
mandibles short, triangular, tips bifid; internal lobe of the maxilla often armed with a 
corneous tooth ; eyes oblong, and only slightly elevated. 

GeNERAL HABITs. These families possess many similar habits : they avoid the light, 
and live in damp places in cellars, basements, stables, etc., or upon the ground and under 
stones in sandy places. The term fenebrio is derived from the latin, signifying darkness 
( Westwoop). The colors are all dark brown or black. 

In the Texesrionip#, the body is oblong ovate and depressed, or supplied with short 
legs ; elytra free ; thorax square, and the head as broad behind as the base of the elytra : 
the palpi are enlarged at the tip ; mentum narrowed at the base. 

In the Biarsip= : Elytra soldered together ; wings obsolete ; legs of moderate length, 
hence the body is less depressed than in the former family ; palpi three-jointed ; man- 
dibles bifid ; internal lobe of the maxilla armed with a claw. 

In the Prwetups, the palpi filiform, and terminal joint rather dilated than hatchet- 
shaped as in the two preceding families ; maxilla concealed in a large mentum, which is 
as wide behind as before. 


FAMILY TENEBRIONIDE. 99 


Genus TENEBRIO. 


Body narrow elongate ; thorax quadrate ; antenne filiform and eleven-jointed, basal joint 
ovate, second small; palpi unequal; legs slender; anterior tibie curved, minutely 
spurred at the apex ; tarsi with entire joints heteromerous. 

The Tenerrio resides in mills, granaries, meal-tubs, etc., upon the contents of which it 
subsists. 


TENEBRIO MOLITOR. ( Plate xxxi, fig. 10.) 
Color black or brown : thorax darker than the elytra; beneath dark fuscous. Head thick- 
ly punctured ; thorax impressed on each side of the median line ; elytra obscurely 
streaked and punctured ; legs shining reddish. 
Common in bakehouses, meal-tubs, ete. 


TENEBRIO OBSCURUS. 


Color black; or dark brown and dull ; beneath brown. 


TENEBRIO CURVIPES. 


Color black or very dark brown ; lighter beneath. Tibiz much curved. 

The mealworm is a hard smooth shining cylindrical larva about an inch long, which 
lives upon flour, meal or bran, and is frequently very destructive to biscuits on shipboard. 
It is said to pass two years in the larva state, when it appears as the Tenebrio molitor found 
in Europe and America, and probably exported to other countries. In Europe, the larve 
are raised in quantities to feed nightingales and other cage-birds. It is usually abundant in 
grain-mills and granaries. 


Uris pennsyLvanica ( Dj.). ( Plate xxv, fig. 8.) 


Dark brown. Elytra finely punctured in nine equal lines. 


CHAPTER VIII. 


ORDER I. COLEOPTERA (Continued ). 


PSEUDOTETRAMERA. 


Bruchide. 


Genus BRUCHUS ( Liyy.). 
Antenne filiform, slightly and gradually thickened at the tips : elytra oblong quadrate. 


Brucuus Pist. ( Plate ii, fig. 3.) 

Insect small and hairy, ovoid, gray : head black ; thorax gray or mottled, with a central 

posterior whitish spot; elytra gray or mottled, with small inconspicuous dots or spots 

posteriorly ; posterior abdomen with two black oval spots, and two just beneath the 
ends of the wings ; scales black. 

The female peabug deposits its eggs in the tender peapod, when the pea is soft and im- 
mature ; and when the larva is hatched, it feeds upon the matter with which it is sur- 
rounded, until it has attained its full growth, when it bores a gallery to the surface, merely 
leaving the surface skin untouched, ready to be pushed off by the head of the perfect 
insect when ready to make its exit in April. An infinity of the young grubs are destroyed 
in preparing green peas for the table ; but whether the epicure finds any difference in the 
taste of pure and infected vegetables, we are not informed. 

Seed peas more than a year old do not retain the living insects, and should therefore be 
preferred in planting new districts : if these cannot be had, the seed may be immersed 
in scalding water for-a short time ; a process which does not appear to destroy the ger- 
minating power of leguminous vegetables, if carefully performed. This is proved by the 
fact that seeds of the locust tree will grow in a single season, if boiling water be poured 
over them and allowed to stand until it has become cold. 


GENUS CALANDRA. 101 


Genus CALANDRA. 


‘Antenne geniculated and nine-jointed, inserted near the base of the rostrum : the elub 
is biarticulate ; rostrum elongate, rounded, slightly deflexed and bent ; thorax elon- 
gate, narrowed in front, depressed, the base and apex truncate ; elytra shorter than 
the abdomen ; body subdepressed ; legs rather short ; tibia armed with an acute 
spur ; tarsi reflexed, the penultimate joint slightly bilobed’ (Srernens). 


CALANDRA GRANARIA ( Clairy.). ( Plate ii, fig. 1.) 
Color pale ferruginous :; head finely punctate ; thorax strongly punctate; elytra deeply 
striate and punctate ; legs ferruginous. 

This insect is an European species, but has been introduced here in samples of wheat 
received from France. Many bottles of sample wheat were entirely destroyed, although 
perfectly closed so that nothing could get in from without. It is called the Corn weevil. 

I suppose this introduction of this insect, which was accompanied with another, the 
Silvanus surinamensis, is only a single instance of its occurrence in this way. When it was 
observed that the specimen grain was destroyed by these imported insects, Mr. J. E. Gavi 
volunteered to describe and illustrate the insects for publication in the Transactions of the 
Agricultural Society of this State. I am permitted to republish this valuable account, 
furnished by the gentleman referred to ; as too much publicity cannot be given to a matter 
so interesting to the wheat-growers of this country. 

Mr. Gavit, in his communication to the Secretary of the Society, states, that ‘in the 
specimens of wheat furnished me, I find two beetles : one the true corn weevil of Europe, 
Calandra granaria (CuAtRvILLE) ; the other, Silvanus surinamensis, the weevil most com- 
monly found infesting the granaries of this State. 

‘The former of these received the name of Curculio granarius from Linyaus, but is now 
called Calandra granaria. It is somewhat depressed, and varies in color from a deep pitch 
to a chesnut tint. The head is semi-globose, produced anteriorly into a longish smooth 
cylindrical snout, which is shortest and stoutest in the males : it is slightly curved, and 
sparingly punctured with two lines extending almost from the base of the head to the 
apex, forming two deep channels before the eyes, where the rostrum is dilated. Eyes black, 
vertical, ovate, finely granulated and depressed. The antenne are nine-jointed : the basal 
joint being long, stout and clavate, it forms an angle with the remainder ; the terminal 
ones forming an oval, conical, little shining club, pubescent at the tip. Thorax twice as 
broad as the head, oval, a little truncated : the surface is coarsely punctured with oval 
points. Scutellum minute and oval. Wing-covers exactly equal to the thorax and head, 
being ovate-truncate, and not covering the apex of the abdomen : there are nine deep 
punctured channels down each, producing short pale bristles ; and the two raised furrows 
on each side of the suture have a line of long punctures. The six legs are punctured, 


102 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


strong and stout, especially the anterior and posterior pairs. The thighs are stout : they 
all have a hook or claw at their extremities. The tarsi are reflexed and four-jointed, spongy 
beneath, basal joint subclavate, second ovate, third broader and slightly bilobed, fourth 
clavate and furnished with two minute claws. Length nearly two lines. 

‘This insect seems early to have attracted the attention of naturalists. LeuwenHOoEK 
closely observed its economy, and his observations were published as far back as 1687 ; 
but to OLivier, however, are we indebted for the most accurate and full account of its 
habits published in the Encyclopédie Méthodique. All subsequent writers appear to have 
based their descriptions on his observations. No insect is more formidable to man than this 
little pest, since it attacks the principal basis of his food ; and they are sometimes so nu- 
merous in a heap of grain, that they destroy it altogether, leaving nothing but the chaff. 
After the sexes have paired, the female makes a hole in the grain of wheat with her ro- 
strum, and deposits an egg. These holes are not perpendicular to the surface of the grains, 
but oblique, or even parallel, and are stopped with a species of gluten of the same color 
as the corn. Oxivier says there is but one to each grain : I, however, have repeatedly 
found two, one in each lobe, and these larve as plump and well conditioned as those who 
had the good fortune of a kernel to themselves. From the egg is hatched in due time a 
small footless grub (fig. b), which, during its growth, eats out the entire contents of the 
grain, and, when lodged in the grain, is perfectly sheltered from all injuries from the air, 
because its excrements serve to close the aperture ; so there is no use in stirring the grain, 
as nothing can incommode it. It is very white ; has the form of an elongated soft worm, 
and the body is composed of nine prominent rounded rings : it is nearly a line in length, 
with a yellow rounded head provided with organs (fig. c) proper for gnawing the grain. 
When the larva has eaten all the flour, and is arrived at its full growth, it remains in the 
envelope of the grain, where it is metamorphosed into a nymph (fig. a), of a clear white, 
and transparent : the proboscis and antenne can readily be distinguished ; but it gives no 
sign of life, except when disturbed, and then but a slight movement of the abdomen. 
Eight or ten days after, the perfect insect eats its way out. In general, that which serves 
as nutriment to insects in their larva state is unsuited to the perfect form. To this the 
calandra is an exception ; for scarcely has it issued from its nymph state, than it proceeds 
to pierce the envelope of the grain, to establish itself anew therein. I have frequently 
watched the perfect insect feeding upon the farina of the grain, having pierced the skin 
and buried the proboscis to the base. It is often found, however, lodged in the interior of 
the grain (fig. e) ; and its black color does not announce its recent issuing from its state of 
nymph, since it is of a straw color at the time when it has just left its sheath : neverthe- 
less we must doubtless believe that it occasions much less injury in this state, than in that 
of the larva. 

‘The Calandra has no sooner issued from its envelope of nymph, than, like the majority 
of insects, it is in a state of pairing for the reproduction of its species, and this act ever 


GENUS CALANDRA. 103 


bears strict relation to a certain degree of heat : if it be under 50° Fahr., it is insufficient 
to afford them force or vigor to desire copulation : if the weather be cold, they remain in 
a lethargic state, and are incapable of injury ; if warm, they pair very frequently. The 
deposition of eggs commences sooner or later, according to the season or climate : the 
female deposits them in all months, when the temperature is up to a suitable degree, 
ceasing to lay when the mornings grow cold. 

‘From the moment of pairing to the appearing of the perfect calandra, there is an in- 
terval of forty or forty-five days. By this we may see that a year must produce many 
generations, which multiply still more in very hot climates. According to a table for the 
calculation of their increase, it results that the sum total of each generation added to- 
gether is 6045, proceeding from a single pair during five months, from the end of April 
until the middle of September, while the mercury continues above 65° Fahr. We are 
therefore no longer astonished if enormous heaps of grain are destroyed by these insects. 
The injured kernels may be known by a very simple process : if several handfuls of the 
grain be thrown into water, those will swim upon the surface which have been robbed of 
their farinaceous substance by the destroyer. 

‘It is not upon the surface of corn heaps, but some inches beneath, that we find these 
insects ; and there, unless dislodged by shaking with a shovel or sieve, they will remain 
so long as the weather continues warm, living, pairing, and depositing their eggs. When 
the mornings begin to freshen, all, both young and old, retire to clefts of walls and the 
flaws of wood and floors. They are sometimes found behind tapestry, chimnies, in fine 
every place affording a warm retreat. 

‘It has been supposed seriously that these insects remain lethargic during the whole 
winter, and return in spring to their abandoned grain-heaps, recommencing the deposition 
of their eggs ; the cold incapacitating them for the exercise of the functions necessary for 
the multiplication and preservation of their species. Based upon the knowledge of this 
fact, is the substitution of cold as a remedy. It has therefore been proposed to have a 
ventilator, the effect of which would be to keep in a granary a degree of air sufficiently 
cold to reduce these insects to the above lethargic state. A general and constant rule among 
insects is, that those which have paired perish shortly after, and do not pass the winter 
except in the egg or larva state. It is doubtless rare that even those which have not been 
exhausted by fulfilling the intentions of nature, can survive the winter rigors. Mr. Gay- 
Lorp, however, in his prize essay published in the Society’s Transactions for the year 1843, 
says, of some specimens of wheat that he had received from the Patent Office, in which he 
found weevils, that “selecting some pure flint wheat kernels, all perfectly sound, we 
enclosed a dozen of these weevils with the wheat in a large phial to prevent their escape. 
The phial was wrapped in paper, and placed where it would not be disturbed except for 
examination. Opening it occasionally for more than a year and a half, I found my weevils, 
with the exception of one or two, all living, and appearing to enjoy themselves much on 


104 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


the wheat, a large portion of the kernels of which they had hollowed out.” This would 
imply that they survive two seasons at least,and those I have in my possession sustain this 
assumption. 

‘Many and various modes of exterminating this foe to man have been tried. We first 
hear of fumigations with herbs of strong and disagreeable odor ; but this seems useless, as 
it does not incommode the insect, while the grain receives a fetid and disgusting scent. 
The fumes of sulphur are pronounced equally inefficient. All these fumigations are still 
less adapted to the destruction of the larve, as the smoke cannot penetrate among the 
grain, and their perfectly closed envelope secures them from all such annoyance. Oxivier 
recommends the following, as one of the most effectual and least expensive modes of 
destroying them. At fhe return of spring, when the calandre are observed to spread in 
the heaps of winter-stored grain, it will be necessary to form small heaps of five and six 
measures, and place them at a suitable distance from the large heap : this stir with a 
shovel. The insects, who are singularly fond of tranquility, seek to escape, and, seeing 
another heap of grain alongside, they take refuge therein. When all are thus collected, 
boiling water is brought and poured over them, stirring it from time to time with the shovel 
to secure its penetration through the grain while hot. All these insects then die, being 
burned or suffocated at the moment. The grain is then spread for the purpose of drying, 
and afterwards sifted to separate the dead insects. 

‘Tt is necessary fo perform this operation early in the spring before the deposition of 
eggs, the generation existing being only dangerous in giving birth to its successors. This 
method may be performed on a Jarge seale as well as a small one, without occasioning any 
considerable expense. 

‘ Other experiments have proved that a sudden heat of 75° Fahr. is sufficient to destroy 
these insects, without burning them; and a simple efficacious method is mentioned in the 
Tennessee Agriculturist, quoted by Mr. Gaytorp in his essay. “If a hogshead, with one 
head removed, be inverted over a fire until thoroughly heated, and then immediately filled 
with wheat and reheaded, all weevils in the grain will be killed, and the grain may be 
kept in safety till wanted for use.” 

‘A gentleman in Madeira has established a heated room, with hot water pipes,in which 
he receives as many as eight hundred bags of grain at a time : these become heated through 
at-about 135° Fahr.; and the wheat, when resifted, is perfectly cleaned, making quite as 
good bread as before, the seed also losing nothing of its vitality by this process.* 

‘The French “lay upon the grain, fleeces of wool which have not been scoured : the 
oily matter attracts the insects among the wool, when they soon die, from what cause is 
not exactly known.” + 


* Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, Vol. 1. + London Lit. Gazette, July 1, 1825. 


GENUS -CALANDRA. 105 


‘One essential point in all storehouses for grain is, undoubtedly, frequent whitewashing 
and thorough ventilation, as there appears to be much testimony corroborative of this great 
preventive to the ravages of this minute destroyer. 

‘A correspondent of the London Mark-lane Express, in speaking of the corn weevil 
says : “Some years ago, we found a house overrun with weevils : after numberless at- 
tempts to destroy them, we were led to observe that they were almost entirely on the south 
wall (our rainy side), and that they appeared to breed in incredible numbers in an un- 
usually damp spot or corner. Taking the hint, we cased the wall on the outside with slate, 
and made the house in every respect perfectly dry, and in a short time the weevils died 
off and disappeared. Since adopting this precaution, we have not the least trouble, and 
have only been reminded that such an insect exists when an accidental spot of damp has 
appeared to generate them again. We think ourselves, therefore, entitled to say, that these 
insects require moisture ; and that if the grain and granary, as both ought always to be, 
are dry and healthy, weevils will not long remain. This plan bears the merit of costing 
less than nothing, because the injury that wheat sustains directly from damp is more than 
equivalent to the expense of keeping premises dry, leaving its indirect influence in the 
generation of weevils out of the question.” ” 


SILVANUS SURINAMENSIs. ( Plate ii, fig. 3.) 

The following is Mr. Gavir’s account of this inseet : 

‘The insect accompanying the Calandra, and usually found in granaries in this country, 
is named Silvanus surinamensis, the corn silvanus. This insect was named by Liynzus, 
being sent to him from Surinam by one of his pupils. Fapricrus, from its infesting stores 
and warehouses, called it Anobium frumentarium, and subsequently Dermestes sexdentatum, 
from the spines on the side of the thorax. Linnaus’s name, however, has the right of 
priority. 

¢8. swrinamensis is only one line and a quarter long, and very narrow : it is flat, of a 
rusty brown color, thickly and coarsely punctured, and sparingly clothed with short de- 
pressed yellow hairs. The head is large and subtrigonate : the nose appears truncated, 
but it is semicircular in front, and conceals the mouth, which is composed of an upper 
and under lip, and two little horny jaws, maxille and palpi. The antenne stout, straight 
and pubescent, nearly as long as the head and thorax, and eleyen-jointed ; the basal joint 
stoutish, the terminal ones forming an elongated club (fig. f). The eyes are black, small, 
and coarsely granulated. The thorax is perfectly oval, and a little wider than the head at 
the middle. There are three ridges down the back, forming two broad channels, and on 
each margin are six teeth. Scutellum minute ; the wing-covers long, elliptical, and broader 
than the thorax, with four slightly elevated lines down each : between them are double 
rows of punctures, and a series of little shining yellow bristles : beneath are two ample 


{ AcricutturaL Report — Vot. v.] 14 


106 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


wings. Legs short ; thighs stout ; shanks clavate ; tarsi five-jointed, three first joints short, 
fourth exceedingly minute, fifth clavate and terminated by two small claws. 

‘The larva (fig. g) is a little depressed yellowish white worm : it is composed of a 
tolerably large head, with two pointed jaws and two little horns, and of twelve transverse 
segments ; the tail is somewhat conical, and it has six conical articulated legs. 

‘The pupa (fig. 2) is of the same color; the head is bent down; the thorax is sub- 
orbicular, with three ridges ; the elytra wrapped over the sides, and striated : abdomen 
with distinct segments. 

‘Mr. Curtis, from whom the above description is derived, says that “ this insect appears 
to be naturalized in England and Scotland, lying under the bark of trees*.” I have found 
it in sugar, and in boxes containing dried figs in great numbers. It appears to be spread 
all over the habitable globe, probably carried in vessels with grain and dried fruits. 

‘This is the insect, as I am informed by that excellent entomologist, Dr. Fircu, that 
infested the mill of Mr. Ricu of Shoreham (Vermont), mentioned in the Cultivator of 
December 1846, on which Mr. R. tried various experiments of fumigation, but found 
nothing so satisfactory as hot water, whitewashing, and general cleanliness. A correspon- 
dent of the same journal, in noticing Mr. Ricn’s experiments, speaks of 2 remedy he never 
found to fail : placing sassafras root among the grain infested by them. He is evidently 
dealing with the rice weevil, Calandra oryz@ (Lryymus), an insect exceedingly like the 
grain weevil in habits and appearances.’ 


Atielabide. 


Brenthides. 
Genus BRENTHUS ( Fas.). 
Thorax ovoid ; body rounded or subeylindrical ; antennee inserted at the base of the snout, 
just before the eyes. In the males the mandibles are strong and prominent : the fe- 


male is provided with a gently curved snout, terminated with a much smaller pair. 
Thorax and head as long as the body or abdominal portion. 


Brentuus seprentrionis ( Hb.). ( Plate ii, fig. 4.) 

Males with distinct mandibles : females provided with an elongated snout. Color brown, 

polished. Head small; eyes prominent; elytra ridged and punctured in lines, and 

marked with yellowish patches of lighter brown. Length seven-tenths of an inch. 

The whole insect is highly polished. A few years ago, I found great numbers of them 
upon a recently felled black oak in Canandaigua. 


**T have since met with them in the same situation.’ 


FAMILIES ATTELABID4 AND CURCULIONID®. 107 


Attelabides. 
Genus A'TTELABUS (Liy.). 


Broad : elytra subquadrate ; antenne eleven-jointed ; head not narrowed behind the eyes. 


ATTELABUS PUBESCENS (Say). 
Yellowish brown, pubescent : body short. 


ArrELAbus stMiLts ( Kirby). 
Head and legs steel-blue : body cylindrical ; thorax conical, rufous ; elytra rufous, pune- 
tured. 


ATTELABUS ANILIs. 
Small : head, thorax, abdomen, and extremity of the elytra steel-blue ; elytra with rufous 
upon the shoulders. 


Curculionide. 


Phyllebides. 
Gencs PHYLLOBIUS (Scu6n.). Curcurro (Lin.). 


Oblong-ovate, squamose : tibia rounded ; rostrum short; two and three joints of the 
antenne elongate. 


PHyLLopius THNrATUS ( Say). 
Gray or hoary, acute behind, widest near the extremity : elytra punctured, with four 
darker lines, and darker upon the top of the thorax. 


Genus HYLOBIUS (Germ.). Curcunro ( Lin.). 


Oblong-ovate, winged : rostrum much longer than the head ; second antennal joint elon- 
gate. 


Hytosius. pares ( Hb.). ( Plate ii, fig. 6.) 

Brown, covered with close-pressed hairs; hairs gray, in imperfect oblique bands across 

the elytra; punctures of the elytra parallel; antenne angulated ; rostrum furnished 
with an antennal groove. 


108 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Genus PISSODES ( Grrm.). 


Antenne situated a little in advance of the middle of the rostrum. 


PissODES STROBI. 
Brown, with two hoary patches on the posterior extremity of the elytra and upon the 
middle of the thighs ; somewhat hoary beneath. 


The Ruyncopnora, as they are termed, constitute a very extensive group of coleopterous 
insects ; some of which, as already seen, have acquired the popular name of weevil. Many 
species are destructive to grain and the seeds of leguminous plants. The larva of the large 
Sphenophorus palmarum of the tropics lives in the trunk of palm trees ; and the palmetto 
(Chamerops palmetto) of our Southern States is inhabited by an allied species, the Spheno- 
phorus zimmermanni of Scu@nuerR, which is the largest member of the family known to 
inhabit the United States. 

Hylobius pales is a common member of a genus which destroys pine trees, by burrowing 
beneath and loosening the bark. In April and May, it may be seen in considerable num- 
bers upon wooden fences : it is brown, marked irregularly with small whitish spots. 
Towards the south, this species and Hylobius picworus, which is larger and more robust, 
destroy pine forests entirely, leaving the dead standing or fallen trees as monuments of 
the mischief which a small insect can commit when sufficiently multiplied. 

The female of Pissodes nemorensis of GErmar, according to Dr. Harris, pierces the 
leading shoot of the white pine for the purpose of depositing its eggs ; and although a pine 
tree may recover by sending up a lateral branch in the vertical direction, it will require 
three or four years to pass through this process, and the growth in consequence be retarded. 
This insect is named Pissodes strobi by Dr. Harris, on the strength of a name given to it 
by a Mr. Peck in an agricultural journal ; which of course can have no weight, because 
such publications are unknown or inaccessible to naturalists who are not farmers, and 
seldom circulate beyond the boundaries of the district in which they are printed. It is too 
much to expect an entomologist in London, Calcutta, Berlin, Paris, or the city of New- 
York, to purchase an extensive series of expensive volumes to enable him to find deserip- 
tions of half a dozen insects said to be contained in them, and which should have been 


made known through some other channel. 


Genus BALANINUS (Germ.). Curcuxio ( Lin.). 
‘Rostrum nearly as long as the body, which is subtriangular : anterior tibie minutely 
‘hooked : antenne inserted behind the rostrum’ ( STEPHENs). 


FAMILY CURCULIONID. 109 


Bavaninus rectus (Say). ( Plate ii, fig. 5.) 
Color brown, mottled with lighter patches upon the thorax and elytra. Snout longer 
somewhat than the body, and curved at the extremity, slender, elbowed : antenne 
inserted below the middle, very slender. Rather less than } inch in length. 
This nut weevil inhabits the chinquapin nut, and renders useless almost the whole crop : 
the nuts, after being kept a week, are always wormy. It may be the nascicus of Say, but 
seems to be smaller. 


Ruyncuanus (ConoTRACHELUS) NENUPHAR. Plum Weevil.  ( Plate ii, fig. 7.) 

Color brown, usually dark and somewhat variegated, and variable in individuals, rough 

and warty : thorax uneven; elytra interceptedly ridged, arranged transversely in 

three rows, the most prominent in the middle ; abdomen thick, deep but short ; thighs 
toothed. 

It appears from the numerous accounts that have been published, that the mature insect 
may appear as early as the last of March, and continue until the first of August ; remain- 
ing, therefore, for a longer period than most of the injurious beetles. 

The habits of this species are peculiar and interesting. It deposits its ova in most fruits, 
as the plum, cherry, apple, quince, and even in the fruit of the hickory. It is also sus- 
pected of inserting its eggs into the tender limbs of plum and cherry trees : it is not 
known, however, whether those black excrescences are caused in this way, although it is 
not improbable. I have found some three or four different grubs in these excrescences, 
some of which belonged to a dipterous insect. 

The plum weevil inserts in each fruit a single egg, having in the first place bitten a spot 
upon its surface ; and although there may be scores of the insect upon the tree, it is very 
rare to find more than one wound upon a plum or cherry. The grub produced from the 
egg is small, and destitute of feet; and when mature, it falls to the ground and imme- 
diately buries itself in the soil : the next spring it appears in the perfect form at the usual 
time, when the different kinds of stone fruit are setting. 

Among the remedies which have been proposed for diminishing the numbers of the 
plum weevil, there is none so promising as the practice of shaking them from the tree early 
in the morning and late in the evening, collecting them upon sheets, and committing them 
to the fire : the fallen fruit should also be subjected to the same treatment. When the tree 
is suddenly jarred, the insect folds up its legs, falls to the ground, and simulates death. It 
is easily captured, especially in the morning and evening, when it is stiff, and indisposed 
to take flight or attempt to escape. Strong-scented odors seem also to be disagreeable to 
this insect, as it is rarely found upon trees situated near the hogpen. 

For a full history of this insect and the remedies proposed against 1t, see Harnris’s 
Massachusetts Report on injurious insects, pp. 65 — 70. 


110 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Gexus ITHYCERUS ( Scua:nuerr). 


IrHycerus NovEBorAcENSIS (Scheenherr). ( Plate xxxiii, fig. 1.) 
CurcULIO NoVEBORACENSIS (Forster) ; 
RaynNcasires corcuLionwes (Herbst) ; 
PAcHYRHYNCHUS SCHG@NHERRI (Kirby). 

According to Kirsy, this species belongs to the Family Pacuyruyncuipm : its charae- 
ters, as given by this distinguished entomologist, are : 

‘Labrum subemarginate; mandibles armed with two teeth at the apex ; labium nearly 
square ; palpi conical ; antennee short, inserted into a roundish lateral cavity near 
the apex of the rostrum ; joints eleven, scape short, ete. Body oblong pear-shaped. 
Rostrum nearly as wide as the head, subcylindrical, a little wider at the tip, ridged 
between the eyes and antennz : eyes round, prominent; prothorax subcylindrical, 
rather narrowest anteriorly ; antepectus not emarginate, nor lobed. Coleoptera oblong, 
depressed at the apex : thighs clubbed, unarmed ; tibie unarmed ; penultimate joint 
of the tarsi bipartite. Its antenne are straight, or only curved, not elbowed. 

‘Color gray, covered with a whitish pile; ground black : knob of the antenne brown. 
Rostrum rather thick, widened anteriorly, having three ridges between the eyes and 
termination : two divergent, from an impressed angular line between the eyes ; and 
the other proceeding directly from that line upon its middle, and which terminates 
anteriorly in a short fork, or near the emargination of the labrum, though it is sepa- 
rated from this fork by a slight interception, which is just beyond two hyphen-like 
lines by its sides. Anterior part of the rostrum naked, and impressed with coalescent 
dots. Eyes brown. Thorax subeylindrical, marked with three rather obscure whitish 
longitudinal bands : punctures coarse and coalescent. Elytra have nine rows of 
punctures, and at the base a part of a tenth row. The alternate spaces between the 
dotted lines have small black quadrate spots : on the sutural space, or ridge, they 
are smaller and more obscure than upon the others. These quadrate black spots are 
placed upon the four whitish longitudinal stripes, which are quite obscure. Beneath 
gray : legs gray. Length of the female, five-eighths of an inch; of the male, half 
an inch.’ 

This Corcurio has the habit of many of the species of this family. It devours the tender 
leaves and blossoms of fruit trees, and has been known to do great injury to the apple 
and pear. It sometimes attacks the base of a young shoot, and eats it to the pith : at other 
times, it feeds upon the leaves of the cherry and plum. Its strong notched mandible fits it 
admirably for work of this kind. 

The only way to rid a tree infested with this insect, is to shake it suddenly in the 
morning or evening while the insects are stiff and cold, and collect them upon sheets spread 
heneath : the insects, and the fruit that fall, should be put into boiling water. 


FAMILY CURCULIONID. lili 


This species has a wide range : it is found in Canada, Northern New-York, Wisconsin, 
and Massachusetts. 


The following remarks of Prof. Harpeman are highly appropriate in this place : 

‘Among rhyncophorous coleoptera, the Genus Baraninus is remarkable fer having a 
very long slender snout, frequently exceeding the body in length, and bearing a pair of 
antenne as slender as a hair. Chesnuts are frequently found infested with a fleshy grub, 
which feeds upon the interior, and fills the cavity with its castings in the shape of dust. 
This is the larva of Balaninus nascicus (Say). It is densely clothed with short hair mottled 
with ferruginous. An allied but smaller species is found in the larva state in the nut of 
the Castanea pumila, or chinquapin. These larve are very difficult to raise to the perfect 
state when the attempt is made, and it is probable that many perish from various con- 
tingencies. 

‘ Conotrachelus nenuphar (Hersst), subsequently named Rhynchenus argula by Fasricivs, 
is very destructive to the fruit of the plum, which the larve inhabit, and cause to fall 
prematurely. This damage is so great in some sections, that not a single plum can be 
raised to maturity. When the fruit falls, the grubs penetrate into the ground ; so that to 
check their increase, it is advisable to collect and destroy these (as by boiling and feeding 
them to hogs), including such upon the trees as present a dwarfed, imperfect, or gummy 
appearance. Paving the ground around the trees is said to answer an excellent purpose, 
and it is well known that plum trees flourish well when planted in pavements. This is a 
small rough insect of a brown color, irregularly marked with white, black and yellow ; 
and the snout is held upon or near the breast. It is said by Dr. Harris to have been raised 
from the black warty excrescences found upon the smaller branches of plum and cherry 
trees. The Rev. D. Ziseier of York (Pennsylvania) has shown me specimens of the buiter- 
fly which destroys the peach-tree (Lgeria exitiosa), raised from these excrescences, which 
differ from those taken from about the root of the tree in being considerably smaller : the 
two forms have not, however, been rigidly compared. 

‘The Genus Siropnitus includes a number of small insects called weevil, which are 
destructive to stored grain, as wheat, rice and corn ; and under circumstances favorable to 
their increase, great quantities are destroyed or depreciated in value. The use of salt, and 
kiln-drying, have been recommended as preventatives. The latter process may be per- 
formed in an economical manner by erecting a stove with a vertical pipe fifteen or twenty 
feet in height : around this pipe, and about three inches from it on every side, a second 
one of wood is to be placed; and whilst the heat from the fire passes through the inner 
one, the grain is to be passed through the cavity between the pipes, and at such a rate as 
to prevent it from being injured by too high a temperature. The moisture will be more 
effectually driven off if the outer pipe is made with open joints, because otherwise it must 
rise through the whole column before it can escape, and much of it will condense and be 


142 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


carried down the pipe again. The corn weevil is named Sitophilus oryze from having been 
first discovered in rice, a vegetable which it seems to have accompanied to distant portions 
of the globe. Infested grain may be detected by its loss of weight, which renders it easy 
to separate and boil or grind as feed upon the farm. Mills and barns sometimes swarm with 
these insects; and in this case multitudes may be collected and destroyed by sweeping 
them from the posts, walls and floors. at 

‘ Phyllobius teniatus may be taken as an example of a leaf-inhabiting rhyncophorous 
insect. Scua@nuerr, the great authority upon these insects, removes it into a new genus of 
which it is the only representative. It is found upon the leaves of the .2nona triloba, or 
papaw, and is perfectly harmless.’ 


Scolytidee. 


Tue Scotyrip® are small obscure insects, inhabiting wood : they have a short rostrum ; 
the head is globular, and is concealed in the thorax ; the body is oblong or cylindric : 
their colors are dull. Among these destructive wood-eaters is the 


Genus HYLURGUS ( Lar.). 


Body cylindrical, obtuse before and behind : head concealed in the thorax ; antenne 
terminated in a clubform mass, consisting of three or four joints : the tibize are armed 
with a tooth. 


Hytureus TEREBRANS (Oliv.). 
Pubescent : head rounded, and sunk in the thorax ; antenne short. 


Genus TOMICUS (Lar.). Bosrricuus ( Erichs.). 


Funiculus five-jointed ; club four-jointed, tunicate ; labium triangular. 

Of this genus, several species have been described by Mr. Say and Dr. Harris. They 
are small brownish beetles, with the elytra toothed at their apices, appearing as if a piece 
was bitten out. 


Tomicus EXESUS. 

Color dark chestnut brown, and somewhat hairy : thorax ovate, rough before ; elytra 
strongly punctured in rows; apices excavated, the edges toothed on the outer side. 
Length between one-fourth and one-fifth of an inch. 

This small and obscure insect is found under the bark of the pitch pine tree, where it 
excavates numerous zigzag and parallel roads. It greatly injures forests in this way ; cut- 
ting off the circulation of the sap, which ultimately causes the bark to become loosened, 
when the tree dies. 


FAMILY SCOLYTIDA. 113 


Tomicus PINI. 

This species differs from the former in having only three or four teeth at the extremity 
of the elytra, and in being a smaller insect. Its habits are much the same as those of the 
exesus, in living beneath the bark of the white and pitch pine. The grubs of both species 
accomplish more injury to forests than the perfect insect. I have taken the last species the 
first of September. Autumn, or late in the summer, is the period when the perfect insect 
goes abroad. 

Miss Morris describes the 7. diminaris in the Horticulturist, Vol.iv, p. 502. This dis- 
tinguished entomologist suggests that this insect may be some way or other connected with 
the yellows in the peach tree, as it is found under the bark. Its color is brown : thorax 
punctured, and the elytra both punctured and furrowed, and beset with short hairs. 
Length one-eighth to one-tenth of an inch. 


Scorytus (Tomicus) pyri (Peck). Pear-blight Beetle ( Harris). 

‘Color brown : antenne and legs light ferruginous; elytra punctured in rows, very 
‘sloping behind; tibia flattened at the tarsal end, toothed, and terminated with a 
‘small hook’ ( Harris). 

This insect has been highly injurious to the pear tree in New-England, and especially 
in the eastern part of Massachusetts. It was first deseribed by Prof. Peck. The larva first 
eats its way inward into the wood, making its entrance just at the root of a bud : it reaches 
the pith, and, by its irritation, appears somehow to poison that portion of the limb above 
the bud where it first entered. We say poisoned ; because there seems to be something 
more sudden and effectual in causing death, than a slight interruption in the circulation : 
the limb or twig looks as if it had perished from gangrene. 

The remedy proposed is to cut the limb and burn it, destroying the insect before it is 
matured. A careful examination of the pear in June, in order to detect the first appearance 
of the approach of the insect, is one of the first steps to be taken. 


{ AcricutturaL Report— VoL. v.] 15 


CHAPTER IX. 


ORDER I. COLEOPTERA ( Continued). 


LONGICORNES. 


Tue Lonercornes of Larremie (Evcerata of Westwoop) deserve a special notice, in 
consequence of their habits, and the singular prolongation of their antenne, which is one 
of the most obvious characters of the group. The antenne are filiform or setaceous, and 
frequently considerably longer than the whole body. The eyes are peculiar, in consequence 
of the position of the antenne, which often appear to have been implanted within them : 
the eye is therefore said to be emarginate, though not strictly so; and it has a reniform 
shape, when considered independently of the base of the antenna. The body is elongated 
and cylindrical. The elytra are broader than the thorax, which they more perfectly encase 
by their sudden flexure at the shoulder, than is common in other groups. The head is 
short, and driven into the thorax up or nearly to the eyes : their jaws are powerful. The 
legs are long, and frequently the longest in front. The thorax is cylindrical, and in some 
species the sides are armed with a short pointed tubercle. The three basal joints of the 
tarsi are cushioned beneath : the fifth is long and slender ; the fourth, small. 

The insects of this group come out from various kinds of wood in their perfect state, 
having inhabited it from the first, or from the time of the deposition of the egg : they are 
therefore usually found in the vicinity of wood and dock yards, or where timber is stored. 
It may well be inferred from these facts that the larva is injurious to the tree it occupies ; 
and the more so, as it is known to remain in this state for many years. 

The larve are provided with six scaly articulated legs; but they are of little use as 
organs for locomotion, by reason of their small size : their movements are rather effected 
by means of the warts or fleshy tubercles situated along the sides of their bodies. Their 
bodies are soft, and of a dirty white color. The head is only moderate in size, flat and wide. 

In consequence of the long time the larve are resident in various kinds of wood, there 
is, through commercial intercourse, a tendency to distribute in all countries the beetles of 
this large group. A piece of wood from South America is brought by a ship and thrown 
out upon some island in the West Indies, or is transported to one of our southern ports, 
Savannah, Charleston, or even New-York : the insects contained in the wood are liberated 


FAMILY PRIONIDZ. 115 


in a new and distant land ; and in this way, this or any other country may become stocked 
with new species of insects. In the long run, and with the ever extending intercouse be- 
tween the different nations of the earth, it is no visionary imagination that the time will 
come when these beetles will be found in every country where the climate is not decidedly 
unfavorable to their propagation and existence. 

This group of beetles is divided into three families : 1, the Prionipx, embracing the 
largest of the group, and provided with very prominent jaws and very long bodies ; 2, the 
CeramBycip%, containing beetles of moderate dimensions, ornamented with a variety of 
colors ; and, 3, the Leprurip4, containing insects of a yet smaller size, with bodies dilated 
before and narrowed behind, and with antenne of a moderate length. 


Prionide. 
PRIONUS PENNSYLYANICUS ( Fab.). ( Plate xxxiv, fig. 10.) 
CERAMBIX UNICOLOR (Drury) ; 
C. BRUNNEUS (Forster) ; 
C. cYLinDRicus (Linn.). 


Insect chestnut brown; head dark chestnut brown. Antenne stout, and two-thirds the 
length of the insect : elytra lighter than the head, extending beyond the abdomen, 
and nearly three times as long as the thorax and head together ; sides parallel ; ab- 
domen, thighs, and tibie red chestnut. 

The whole animal is some shade of chestnut brown, but the head and thorax are darker 
than the elytra. 


PRIONUS LATICOLLIS. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 5.) 
CERAMBIX LATICOLLIS (Drury) ; 
PRIONUS BREVICORNIS (Fab.). 
Insect dark chestnut brown ; head and thorax nearly black. Antenne very stout, consisting 
of twelve joints : tibie armed internally with two short spines; tarsi beneath yel- 
lowish. 

The insects of both species are light and dark chestnut brown; almost black in the 
latter species. Their jaws are stout, and project ; and their bodies are longer in proportion 
to the anterior parts, the elytra extending a little beyond the abdomen. They belong to the 
large tribe of capricorn beetles, and form a family called Prionide, so termed from the 
structure of the antennz, which are jointed, and give the general appearance of a saw. 
Some of the tropical species are very large. 


+ 


118 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


CLyrus UNDATUS. ( Plate viii, fig. 4.) 

Head anteriorly hairy ; parts about the front part of the head rufous ; base and apex of 
the interrupted band, of yellow hairs : seutellum dark brown. Elytra marked with 
yellow upon their margins ; the basal third is marked with an oblique line, succeeded 

by two yellow wavy bands : posterior angles of the elytra rounded off so as to show 

the last segment of the abdomen. Beneath, upon the breast, are three yellow spots, 

and also at the top of the ventral segments of the abdomen. Length about eight lines. 


Crytus campestris ( Oliv.). 

This is a small species, from four- to six-tenths of an inch long. Its color is brown, 
marked with two waved bands across the elytra and tips. The pronotum has four yellow 
dots arranged in a square, and the under parts are marked with the same color. 

The larva is injurious to fallen chestnut timber, damaging it for rails : they burrow 
between the bark and wood, and also penetrate into the wood. The perfect insect appears 
in May and June. It inhabits the Northern States, New-York and New-England, and ex- 
tends as far south as Carolina (Hatpreman, Am. Phil. Transactions, x, 40). 


CLyTus HAMATUS. ( Plate viii, fig. '7.) 

Color brown : head banded with yellow ; scutel yellow. Elytra marked with two bars 

and a dash; a yellow dash near the base, two curved lines opening towards the 

shoulders, the inner leg extending along the suture to the scutel, and a yellow trans- 

verse curve opening downwards and situated below the middle : legs brown. Length 
half an inch. 


Ciytus ( Plate viii, fig. 6.) 

Color brown. Head much concealed in the thorax, rather dilated, immaculate. Elytra 

marked with three transverse curved bars at equal distances ; outer angle of the apex 
pointed : legs long, brown. Length nearly half an inch. 


Ciytus ? ( Plate viii, fig. 3.) 

Antenne shorter than the body, setaceous ; second joint the longest : thorax globose, un- 

armed : elytra entire at the tip. Color black, somewhat yellowish gray from the 

presence of a yellowish nap. Head black, impressed with a sutural line with a trans- 

verse prominence or ridge at its base. Thorax marked with black oculate spots on the 

top and centre; sides grayish, with a rectangular spot : below it is black. Elytra 

clothed with a short nap, marked by about three narrow grayish zigzag lines, and 

dashes of the same about the shoulders : towards the apex they are slightly separated ; 

and upon the apex, running up the suture, there is an obscure oblong gray spot. Be- 
neath, black and glossy : legs black. 


FAMILY CERAMBYCIDZ. 119 


This species I found in many parts of this State in June, and supposed it common. Al- 
though very peculiarly marked, I have been unable to satisfy myself as yet what name it 
has received. 


CLytus ( Plate viii, fig. 1.) 
Color rufescent, covered with prostrate hair : head black ; thorax grayish, from the lighter 
colored hair : elytra purplish brown, with three bands of lighter, the basal obscure, 

the apicial ones confluent on the elytral suture. All the thighs dilated and robust. 
This Clytus is obscurely marked ; and though it may be described, it differs much from 
those in my possession, and from accessible descriptions. The bands spoken of are brought 
out more distinctly in the figure than they appear in the specimens : the same remark 
will apply to the round black spot upon the base of the elytra; and, besides, I may add 
that the side of the trunk is marked by a distinct luteous spot, and another smaller one 

at the base of the middle legs. 


Genus SAPERDA ( Fas.). 


Head vertical, as broad as the thorax, slightly compressed at the sides or cylindrical, 
destitute of lateral spines : antenne filiform, and terminating in an elongated joint. 


The Genus Sarerpa contains several species known to be injurious to the interests of 
husbandry. Most of them are rather sluggish in their mature state, manifest far less 
activity than many other insects, and rarely attempt to escape when in danger of being 
captured. Some of them frequent flowers, but I belive all deposit their eggs upon trees or 
shrubs. When the eggs are hatched, the young larve penetrate the bark and wood, and 
injure very materially the growth of the tree in which they reside ; and as they are ge- 
nerally two or more years in coming to maturity, their hurtful effects are proportionally 
augmented. The larve feed upon the wood as they penetrate it, and derive their nutriment 
from the juices it contains. Their excrement appears like sawdust ; retaining in fact the 
color of the wood, after it has sufficed to nourish them, and has passed through their 
bodies. Their form is that which is common to the tribe, the rings near the head being 
wider than those of the rest of the animal. The head is usually scaly, and is retractile in 
part within the first ring : it is supplied necessarily with strong jaws, in order that the 
insect may eat its way into the wood. Their food is constantly before them in their path ; 
and it is a very curious fact, that though they may make their way into the wood, yet 
they usually direct their course towards the outside when about to change from the larva 
to the imago state. The larve are without legs, soft, white or yellowish white, elongated, 
and more or less flattened. 

One of the most destructive of these species is the larva of the Saperda candida. This 


120 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


species, like many other insects, seems to be much more abundant some years or periods 
than others, and also more common in some districts than others. In illustration of this 
fact, I may refer to the existence of this species in the neighborhood of Troy in 1825. 
This was first made known to the publie by the late Judge Buet, in one of the numbers 
of the Albany Cultivator. He says that ‘he was sent for by Mr. Hearrr of Troy, to 
witness the devastation made in a fine young orchard by a grub hitherto unknown to the 
farmers of the vicinity, and which to know and guard against was a great public interest.’ 
It appears from the letter that the orchard was injured to the extent of two thousand 
dollars, according to the estimate of Mr. Hxrarrr. 

The larva of this species penetrates the young tree just above, or it may be just below, 
the surface. In its progress, it cuts its way in a winding direction upward ; and as it is 
three years in coming to maturity, it continues to mine onward, cuts off the circulation of 
the sap, and deprives the tree of its necessary nutriment. One borer is sufficient to stop 
the growth of a young appletree ; and if several are mining at the same time, the tree is 
inevitably destroyed. All the workings being near the root, the tree is after a while so 
perfectly riddled with holes that it has no strength to stand. The circumstances that favor 
these results, are, first,a poor soil, containing but little nutriment ; the second is the growth 
of sprouts or suckers from the root, and of grass, which protects the base of the tree from 
sunshine, and conceals from the view of the owner the work which is going on. Hence all 
young trees should be kept free from these incumbrances at the root : this is one of the 
preventives of a fatal result, and should not be neglected. 

It is needless to dwell upon the injurious effects of the appletree borer. I would take the 
liberty to caution the owners of orchards of fruit trees not to trust to uncertain measures, 
as the surrounding of the roots and base of the tree with tanbark or any other material 
of the kind. A judicious use of the knife and a good stiff wire are the only certain means 
of getting rid of these customers, when they have once got possession of the premises. 

The perfect insect, according to Dr. Harris, comes forth in June : this, at any rate, is 
the month during which I have found them. They come out at night : in the daytime they 
are engaged in feeding upon the leaves of the tree, or remain quietly at rest, very rarely 
flying during the day. 

That carelessness and inattention to young and old orchards is the great cause of the 
prevalence of this insect among us, is true ; and so long as so many neglect the means for 
ridding their trees of this pest, so long it will continue to harass those who are on the 
watch, and who intend and wish to raise good fruit. A remedy, consisting of a solution of 
camphor in chloroform, may be tried, by inserting in the borings a plug of cotton wool 
soaked in it : it is worthy of trial, and may save cutting away the sound wood of the tree. 
Or perhaps camphor alone, or ammonia formed by rubbing together sal ammoniac and an 
alkali, either lime or potash, reduced to powder, and introduced into a burrow where it is 
dangerous to follow the larva, may be worth the experiment. 


FAMILY CERAMBYCID. 121 


The larve of the Saperda calcarata infest lombardy poplars. They are yellowish white, 
and, when full grown or mature, are nearly two inches long : the body is thick, dilated 
before, and consists of twelve segments separated from each other by deep transverse 
furrows. In August and September, the beetle may be found on the different species of 
poplar : it flies by night. It is harmless in comparison to the appletree saperda ; but one 
of our finest shade trees is the aspen, which is often destroyed by this borer. Their pre- 
sence may be known by their castings, which lodge on some part of the tree. 

The Saperda (Oberea) tripunctata seems to be equally destructive with the two former 
to forest and shade trees. It is about the size of the candida, but quite different in its 
markings, as will be seen by a reference to the description. It attacks the linden, and, by 
burrowing beneath the bark, destroys the vitality of the tree, large flakes of which fall off 
gradually and drop to the ground as their attachments are broken. 


SAPERDA VESTITA. ( Plate xxvi, fig. 4.) 

Color olive or light drab, nearly uniform : surface beneath the close-pressed nap, black. 

Head and thorax immaculate. Elytra dotted, each dot giving origin to a small pencil 

of black hairs : dot-punctures in lines at the base and along the sides, and marked 

with four black dots a little above the middle of the elytra ; and sometimes there are 

other dots, owing to the denuded nap upon little elevated points of the elytra. Length 

seven-tenths of an inch. 

This species attacks the linden : the larve, by their burrows beneath the bark and 

within the wood, effectually destroy the tree in a few years. 


Sarerpa canpipA (Fab.). S. bivittata ( Say). ( Plate xvi, fig. 3.) 
Color light brown, marked upon the upper side with two white stripes extending the whole 
length of the insect : face, antenne, underside of the body and legs white. The white 
is due to the clothing, which consists of a white close-pressed short nap : where rub- 
bed off, the surface is black. The white stripes decussate from the forehead, leaving 
the grey-brown stripe on the top of the thorax passing down the sutural line. Length 
six- to seven-tenths of an inch. 


Saperpa (ANZREA) CALCARATA. ( Plate xvi, fig. 1.) 
,Color gray or ashen, and covered witu a short dense close nap : surface covered with 
raised points or dots : thorax marked with three pale ochreous stripes, which de- 
cussate from the forehead. The elytra are also marked by partial stripes and bands of 
the same color : apex terminating in a straight short spine ; beneath pale gray ochre- 
ous. Beneath the nap, the surface is black. Length nine-tenths of an inch. 
[ AcricuLturaL Rerort— Volt. v.] 16 


122 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


SAPERDA TRIDENTA- ( Plate aan fig. 6.) 
Antenne slender, shorter than the body, second longest. Color rusty brown, approaching 
to an olive : sutural line passing through the head and thorax. Insect ornamented 
with pale brick-red stripes : face margined, and eyes surrounded with the colored 
stripe referred to. Stripes nearly unite between the antenne : from thence they 
diverge abruptly, and form lateral stripes upon the thorax ; thenee they proceed to 
the prominent or angular shoulders, run down upon the sides of the elytra, and meet 
the outer angle of the apex, and then pass round on the inside a short distance upon 
the sutural line. These stripes send off three diverging ones : the first is arched ; the 
second or middle is straight, but passes obliquely downwards near the suture ; the 
last, or apical one is short, and arched. The sides of the thorax are marked by four 
oval spots. The two spots on the top of the thorax are obscure ; but in some species 
there seem to be four, though the two near the head may be produced by loss of the 
drab-colored nap. Beneath hoary, the whitish nap covering a black ground. Extremity 
of the abdomen truncate. Outer angle of the elytra rounded. 


SAPERDA 

Color yellowish drab, uniform : head, thorax and elytra covered with a close-pressed 

short nap. Thorax longitudinally marked with pale yellow stripes alternating with 

deeper. Elytra punctured, and marked with about seven obscure yellowish spots on 
each. 


Saperpa (OverEs) TRIPUNCTATA. Raspberry Saperda. ( Plate xvi, fig. 7.) 

‘Color black : breast and top of the thorax rusty yellow. There are usually two elevated 

black dots on the middle of the thorax, and a third on the hinder edge. Antenne of 

a moderate length, and scarcely taper. Wing-covers coarsely punctured : punctures 

in rows on the top, but irregular on the sides and tips. Length from three-tenths to 
half an inch’ (Harris). There is also a black spot on the sides of the thorax. 

Dr. Harris observes that this insect completes its transformations near the end of July, 
and lays its eggs early in August on the stems of the blackberry or raspberry. The grubs 
burrow into the pith of the stem, and destroy it by the end of summer. 

The grubs are cylindrical in the middle, and thickened at each end. The first three rings 
are short, and each is provided beneath with imperfect legs in the form of minute pointed 
warts : the rest of the rings are smooth. 


Genus MONOCHAMUS. 
Elytra somewhat parallel ; antenne glabrous ; anterior male tarsi hairy ; forelegs longest ; 
thorax laterally spined*. 


* Kirsy, in his generic characters in the Fauna Boreali, says this genus has eleven joints in the antennex. I believe 
it has only ten, and the last joint is the longest, or equal to the second. 


FAMILY CERAMBYCID. 123 


MonocHAMUS TITILLATOR. ( Plate xvi, fig. 5.) 
Brownish, mottled with gray spots. Elytra tufted with patches of dark brown hairs : an- 
tenn, in the male, twice as long as the body ; in the female, they equal it in length. 
Length one inch and more. ; 
The middle leg has a protuberance on the upper side. The mottlings are somewhat 
variable, owing in part to the removal of the short close nap that covers the insect. 


MonocHamuSs MACULOSUS. 

Color blackish brown. Elytra mottled and furnished with small patches of raised spots 
tufted with hair, rather coarsely punctured : apex, on the inner side, armed with a 
spine ; outer angle rounded : protuberance of the tibize one-third the length from the 
tarsi. It is rather smaller than the dfillator. 

The two foregoing species are rather common in Albany county : indeed, common to 

New-York and New-England. 


MonocHaMUs SCUTELLATUS. 
Color dark brown, darker upon the base of the elytra. Scutel white, hairy, strongly pune- 
tured : punctures confluent at the base. Antenne and legs dark brown. 


MonocuaMus PULCHER. 
Color lighter brown than the scuted/atus. Thorax and elytra variegated with patches of 
white nap. 


ONcIDERES CINGULATUS (Serv.). ( Plate xxii, fig. 1.) 

Ash-gray, banded : head inclining to brown : thorax ash, together with the middle of the 

elytra ; base and terminal extremity darker, and somewhat mottled. Length six- 
tenths of an inch. 

Dr. Hatpeman remarks’, that ‘this insect appears in Pennsylvania during the last two 
weeks in August and first week in September. It feeds upon the bark of the walnut (Carya 
alba). The ova are a line and a half long, and are deposited in excavations in the small 
limbs. After the ova are deposited, the female gnaws a groove around the limb, which 
consequently dies in a short time : this seems to be intended for the future progeny, as 
the larve are found feeding wpon the dead wood. When the insect is abundant, much 
damage may be done to the young growth of the hickory, when it is of the size suitable 
for hoop-poles.’ When the main stem is girdled by the insect, a lateral shoot appears, that 
may be attacked the next year, to be in its turn amputated after undergoing the same 
operation : in a few years, the tree presents a curious appearance. 


* Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia; Hanpeman, Am. Phil. Transactions, x, 52, 


124 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Lamia ( Plate xxvi, fig. 9.) 

Color gray,and banded. Thorax spined at the sides : face marked with an impressed line, 

depressed between the antenna ; antenne ten-jointed, first joint narrowed at base, 

second joint slightly longest, the upper half of each very black, the lower half gray. 

Front of the thorax is marked by a black transverse line, in the rear of which there 

are two small black spots : posterior part of the thorax is punctured with black, 

especially the transverse groove. Elytra thickly and coarsely punctured with black, 

and traversed by four belts, the two front ones incomplete : they are zigzag in form, 

and interrupted by gray spaces. Abdomen narrowed somewhat behind, and terminated 

by a black ovipositor. Femora thickened, and clavate at the tibial end, gray : tibie 
marked by black rings; tarsi black. Post-pectus deeply emarginate and giay. 

The foregoing is a rare species in this vicinity. Its ovipositor shows that its eggs are 

deposited in wood, and hence it is an injurious insect to timber. Length, including the 

ovipositor, seven-eighths of an inch. 


Terraopes TETROPHTHALMA (Forster). M. ternator (Fab.). (PI. v, fig. 11.) 
Color brick-red. Thorax marked with four black dots arranged in the form of a square. 
Elytra marked with four black dots; two near the basal angles, and two placed 
longitudinally upon the middle. Antenne black : body beneath and legs black. 
This insect is common on the silkweed (.4sclepias syriaca) in June and July, and is 
extensively distributed, extending from Massachusetts to Carolina (Hatprman’s Mat. 
Hist. Long. Am. Phil. Soe. x, 53). It is a harmless insect in its mature state. 


Exapuipion vitLtosum (Fab.). E. putator ( Peek). ( Plate xvi, fig. 8.) 

Color brown, gray or hoary from patches and stripes of grayish down : thorax more 

villose than the elytra. Antennz spinous : the second joint armed with a spine as 

long, or nearly as long as the third joint; the spine of the third joint, one-third as 

long as the fourth joint; on the fourth joint, the spine is shorter still. Elytra punce- 

tured, and apex spined. Beneath, the same color as above : legs villous; hindlegs 
armed with a short spine. 

Although about a dozen species of this genus have been discovered in the United States, 
the habits of this one only are known. The larva feeds upon the wood of whiteoak or 
blackoak, and more rarely of hickory and chesnut ; and on one occasion I reared a speci- 
men, apparently of this species, from a larva taken from the dead trunk of a small spruce 
tree. The insect is half an inch or mere in length, and may be distinguished by its chesnut 
color, varied with yellowish spots of down ; the small spine upon some of the joints of the 
antenne, and two upon the tip of each elytron; and by the smooth raised medial line, 
and tuberele, upon each side of the pronotum above. 


FAMILY LEPTURID. 125 


When the larva attains its full growth in the branch, which is about half an inch thick, 
it cuts it off transversely from the inside, leaving the bark alone untouched ; and this 
slender hold is severed by the storms of autumn, when the branch and larva fall together. 
The larva does not leave its shelter until the next spring, when if appears as a perfect 
insect in May and June. 


Eapuipion ? ( Plate viii, fig. 9.) 

Head small : thorax somewhat flattened, dilated at the sides. Antenne ten-jointed : the 

tenth longest; the second, third, fourth and fifth spinous upon the inside. Thorax 

marked by two sharp impressed lines : legs equal or subequal. Color of the body 

luteous, from the close pressed hair or nap : thorax brownish, without tubercles or 

armature : elytra luteous, mottled somewhat by darker spots, narrowed somewhat 

behind, and terminated by two spines concealed in the hair. Beneath slightly 
brownish, and clothed with appressed hair, especially upon the breast. 

I refer this insect to the Genus ELaruipion, though its generic character may not en- 

tirely warrant it. 


Lepturide. 


Tue insects under the name of Lepruripm, or Lepturians, constitute a third family of the 
capricorn beetles. The body is narrowed behind : eyes rounded, oval, and rather promi- 
nent ; and the antenne are situated farther from them than in the other species, and are 
implanted near the middle of the forehead : thorax widened behind : head connected 
with the thorax by a narrow neck. Colors bright. 


Gzxvs DESMOCERUS (Dej.). Crrameyx (Forster); Srexoconvs (Fab.). 


Eyes lunated, surrounding the base of the antenne : head sloped before ; palpi terminated 
by a large joint in the form of an elongated compressed cone : thorax subquadrate 
or subcylindrical : antenne setaceous. 


DeEsMocerus PALLIATUS. ( Plate xvi, fig. 6.) 
Color deep violet or prussian blue : nearly one half of the elytra orange yellow. 
The larve live in the stem of the white elder, and feed upon its pith. This year (1853) 
this insect has been very numerous in the vicinity of Albany. 


Genus RHAGIUM (Fas.). Leprura (Lin.). 


‘ Body broad, depressed : thorax with spines on each side ; antenne short’ (Wersrwcop). 


126 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Ruacium LineAtum ( Oliv.). 

Antenne short. Thorax narrow, cylindrical before and behind : middle of the thorax is 
furnished with a pointed wart on each side. Elytra wide at the shoulders, and taper- 
ing, convex above, with punctures between the smooth elevated lines, and ornamented 
with black and reddish ash colors, the former arranged in transverse bands. Under- 
side variegated with dull red, gray and black. 

The grubs of this beetle burrow under the bark of the pitch pine; in consequence of 
which, it is loosened, and falls off, when the tree dies. The grubs are often numerous : 
when about to become pupx, each one forms for itself an oval ring of woody fibres. The 
beetle is matured before the close of winter, but remains till the spring cy ens ( Harris, 
Injurious Insects of Massachusetts, pp. 92 — 93). 

I have found the larva under the bark of the yellow pine and white pine, where it is 
readily recognized by forming, at the period of its transformation, an oval cavity, the 
border of which is made of woody fibres. The habits of the European Rhagium indageter 
( Fabr.), are similar. This insect is usually about seven-tenths of an inch long, although 
it is sometimes found no longer than four-tenths. Its color is gray, marked with black : 
the surface is somewhat downy ; the antenne are short ; the elytra wide at the base, and 
having several raised lines; and the prothorax has a tubercle on each side. The perfect 
insect appears in May ( Hatpeman, MS. Notes). 


PurpuriceNus HUMERALIs ( Fab.). ( Plate xvi, fig. 4.) 

Black. Elytra marked with a rightangled triangular scarlet spot situated upon the base of 

the elytron, the hypothenuse passing by the side of the scutel. Thorax, neck sculp- 

tured and rugose, and furnished with a lateral pointed tubercle and two elevated 

roughened ridges or eminences on the median line. Length variable : female, six- 

tenths of an inch; male, less than half an inch. 

This insect seems to be rare in the vicinity of Albany, as not more than three or four 

specimens have been taken in the last three or four years. 


Genus LEPTURA. 


Antenne elongate, basal joint robust, second minute ; eyes narrowed above. Head ex- 
serted : thorax convex, unarmed. Insect narrowed behind from the base of the elytra 
to the extremity of the abdomen : legs elongate, slender. 


Leprura vittata ( Oliv.). ( Plate viii, fig. 13.) 

Color black or very dark brown : head, thorax and legs black : elytra punctured black, 

and marked with a rufous stripe extending from their base to two-thirds of their 

length, and occupying the middle of the elytrum. Beneath, the insect is clothed with 
short gray appressed hairs. 


FAMILY LEPTURIDA. 127 


LeEpTURA RUBRICA. 

Color black : head and thorax black, pubescent ; four first joints of the antenne black, 
the remainder luteous at base. Elytra ferruginous, punctured ; apex of the outer 
angle pointed, and longer than the inner, divaricate : legs black. 

I refer this to fig. 10, pl. viii : the apex of the elytra in that figure is truncate. 


LrEpTURA MALACHITICUS. 

Splendent green, with steel-blue reflections : punctures dilated deep, imparting a rough 
appearance. Antenne and scutel black : thighs rufous, and lower half of tarsi dark 
brown or black : prothorax with a lateral tubercle, occupying nearly a central posi- 
tion. 

This beautiful insect is quite rare in the vicinity of Albany, a single specimen only 
having been observed. 


Leprura ocropuncrata (Say). 
Elytra marked with eight irregular-shaped spots or dots, smallest upon the apex. 


LEPTURA 


( Plate xxvi, fig. 11.) 

Color black (the light color is due to a close gray nap). Antenne ten-jointed : first some- 
what turbinate, third shortest, second the next shortest ; the three first black or dark 
brown, the remainder rufous. Pectus and thighs brown, and a stripe beneath the 
shoulders. The posterior part of the thorax surrounded by a sharp ridge, which 
extends down the sides : this ridge is bounded by grooves; and before it, and near 
the middle, are two elevations, scarcely tubercles : anteriorly it is surrounded by a 
broad groove. Behind the antenne, there is a deep depression upon the median line 
of the head. Length three quarters of an inch. 


LEPTURA SUBPURESCENS. ( Plate viii, fig. 11.) 

Color black, thinly covered with luteous hairs, punctured : head and neck roughened, 

covered with hairs. Antenne black; third joint shorter than the fourth. Elytra 

punctured, rufous or dull brick-red, terminated by a black belt extending up the 

outer margin, divergent towards the apex ; apex truncate. Point of abdomen exposed : 
beneath black, submetallic. 


Genus PACHYTA (Seryv.). 


‘ Body robust : thorax subconical, with an obsolete obtuse tubercle on each side ; elytra 
short, nearly parallel ; humeral angles not very prominent’ ( WEsTwoop). 


128 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


PacHyTA CORDIFERA ( Oliv.). ( Plate viii, fig. 12.) 

‘Front clothed with yellow hair; frontal line impressed. Prothorax much widened and 

biarcuate posteriorly, covered with yellow hair, and having the median line obsolete. 

Elytra divaricate, and separately pointed at the tip : a minute black spot at the basal 

angle, and another (sometimes double ) between it and the large median macula. 

Length nearly half an inch’ (Hatpeman, Longicornia, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. x, 59). 

A variety, /unaris, also described in the same work, is black, tomentose : venter dull 

rufous ; elytra yellow ; apex, and a semicircular macula behind the middle on the anterior 
margin, black. 


GRAMMOPTERA ( Plate xxvi, fig. 3.) 

Body black : eyes black, and slightly emarginate on the inner side ; color of the upper 

side luteous. Apex of the elytra black, and the spot toothed on the basal side. Length 
half an inch. 


CHAPTER X. 


ORDER I. COLEOPTERA ( Continued). 


PHYTOPHAGA. 


Tuis division (Europa of Larreitie) embraces a group of insects whose bodies are short, 
oval, thick, and hemispherical (for an example, see P]. xiv, 11). The thorax is sometimes 
angular, uniting closely with the base of the elytra, and forming with them a circle or a 
broad oval. The head is short, and concealed ; the antenne shorter than the body, filiform. 
The insects are usually small, but their colors are lively and brilliant, though only a few 
are metallic in this climate : the Ewmolpus is one of the brightest. They are vegetable 
feeders in the larva and perfect states, and some of them are highly injurious ; the Haltica 
destroying the turnip crop, and the Crioceris the asparagus plant. 


Crioceride. 


Tue body is oblong in this family, and the hindlegs are often thickened for leaping. The 
head and thorax are narrower than the abdomen. The antenne are filiform, or only slightly 
thickened at the tips : they are inserted before the eyes, which are prominent. Found 
apon leaves and stems of trees. 

Crioceris ( or Lema ) trilincata ( Oliv.), is a yellow insect about one-fourth of an inch 
long ; the elytra with three black lines, one along the middle of the back, and one on 
each side. It belongs to an extensive division which contains many species that are de- 
structive to garden vegetation, generally devouring the leaves, both in the larva and the 
perfect state. The species here cited attacks the foliage of the potato, and Dr. Harris 
recommends brushing them into shallow vessels of salt and water, or vinegar. 


CRIOcERIS DUODECIMPUNCTATA. 

Color yellow : thorax and head brownish ; beneath, yellow. Elytra punctate in many 
rows, and marked with six black spots : each side of the thorax has also a black 
stripe. Tibial extremity of the femur black, as well as the tarsi. Length rather less 
than a quarter of an inch. 

[ AcricuttuRAL Reprorr— Von. v.] 17 


130 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


Cassidida. 


Genus CASSIDA. 
Body flattened and depressed : shield or elytra dilated on all sides, concealing the head 
and body. 


Cassipa cyavata. Tortoise Beetle. ( Plate xiv, fig. 11.) 

Head, body beneath, legs, and antennz luteous : eyes black : middle of the elytra, with 

the four angles black or dark brown; spaces between, together with the extended 
clypeus Inteous and translucent. 


Ovontora scuTELLARis ( Oliv.), Hispa scutellaris (Fab.). This insect has, in conjune- 
tion with Cecidomyia robinie ( Hald.), become so abundant in Eastern Pennsylvania during 
the last few years, that the foliage of the locust trees is killed towards the end of August, 
as if by dry weather. It is nearly one-fourth of an inch long, of a tawny color,and marked 
along the back with a black line. 


Chrysomelide. 


Genus. EUMOLPUS. 


¢Head vertical : antennz as long as the body, thickened at the tips’ ( Westwoop). 


Eumotrus auratus ( Fab.). 
Head, thorax, body beneath, and legs brilliant blue-green : elytra golden green. The feet 
and antenne incline more to black, yet exhibit the coloring described. 
It inhabits in great abundance the Apocynum androsamifolium, and is found in July and 
August. 


Genus CHRYSOMELA. 


CuRYSOMELA PHILADELPHICA. € Plate xiv, fig. 12.) 

Color of the body dark green, oblong, naked. Palpi, Jegs and antenne rufous : labrum 
hairy. Front and margins of the thorax and elytra cream-color : lines and spots of 

the elytra, posterior segment of the thorax, and seutel green : inner margin of the 
elytra traversed by two lines ; marginal line widened towards the scutel ; the proxi- 
mate line widened also, and both slightly divergent. Lines punctured in rows sur- 
rounding the entire thickened border. The shoulders of the elytra marked by two 


FAMILY CHRYSOMELID.®. 131 


green spots which converge to each other, the outer the largest : parallel with the 
marginal line there are three large spots ; the remainder are scattered and smaller. 
The dots are distributed somewhat irregularly, but there is a tendency to arrangement 
in rows, as at the base of the elytra and along the lines and larger spots. 

The insect from which the description is drawn is rather common, but it does not agree 
with the description of the philadelphica by Kirsy, who makes no allusion to the markings 
upon the thorax. The differences I regard as sexual. 

In a few plates, I observe that the ground color is too green : it should be pale, or 


ecream-color. 


CHRYSOMELA DECIPIENS- 

Head, thorax, body and seutel dark green : elytra silvery white or white. Sutural line 
thickened, and divergent near the scutel : the parallel and proximate lines wide, 
divergent before, and narrowed towards the apex ; the second is shorter, and united 
to it; and the third is similar to two heavy dashes united at their points, but instead 
of being straight, they form a curve divergent from the other lines : these lines are 
dotted. The shoulders are marked by a heavy dash or oblong spot : two other spots 
are situated between the shoulder spot and marginal line; the upper roundish, and 
the lower oblong. There are thirteen spots on each elytrum, besides those already 
deseribed, each of which is enclosed by a row of dots. Antenne, palpi and legs rufous. 

This species differs from the preceding, in having the thorax entirely of a dark green, 
and also in the distribution and form of the lines and markings upon the elytra. 


CHRYSOMELA SCALARIS. ( Plate xiv, fig. 10.) 
Head, thorax, body and scutel dark green : elytra silvery white. Sutural line green, and 
extending to the base : a coalescing line falls into it just below the seutel, and forms 
with it an unequal stripe. There are two oblique dashes, which do not meet, on each 
elytrum. The spot upon the shoulder is double, and prolonged in the form of a curve, 
and there is another curved spot between the shoulder spots and sutural line. There 
are three coalescing spots upon the posterior flexure of the elytra. The other spots are 
arranged somewhat in two lines, parallel with the outer margin of the elytra; and 
there is a solitary dot near the middle, and upon the outer margin of the elytra. The 
dots are so arranged that they follow the boundaries of the spots. Antenne, palpi and 

legs rust-brown. 
In the specimen figured, a brownish eolor predominated instead of the silvery white : 
it may be a distinct species from the scalaris, and is found in the autumn upon various 


plants. 


132 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


CuRYSOMELA TRIMACULATA. ( Plate xiv, fig. 16.) 
Head, thorax, body, antenne and legs steel-blue. Elytra orange, marked with a broad 
black band extending nearly across the base, and two large triangular black spots 
near the apices : scutel and sutural line black. The margins of the black spots are 
undulating. The punctures of the elytra are arranged in lines. Length three-eighths 
of an inch- 
Found in great abundance in Western Massachusetts and New-York. 


CHRYSOMELA PULCHER. 

Head, thorax and legs purple : antenne, body and palpi brownish. Elytra luteous, marked 
by a wide black longitudinal stripe along the middle. Sutural line double and pune- 
tured : margins marked by two narrow blaek punctate lines, which coalesce just 
below the middle. 


CuryYsOMELA 

Head, thorax, body and legs reddish brown. Elytra yellow, marked by a broad double 

longitudinal brown band; the inner separated from the outer by a curve, leaving 

between them a line of yellow, acute at each end. Sutural line wide, and dilated at 

the base. Scutel reddish brown : punctures arranged in lines parallel with the 

markings. Length nearly one-fourth of an inch. 

Inhabits and feeds upon the Solidago. It is not uncommon in Western Massachusetts, 

but I have not succeeded in finding a description of it. 


CHRYSOMELA CRULIPENNIS.- 
Color of the head, elytra and body beneath, dark blue; thorax and legs dull orange ; 
antenne and feet blackish. The females are often seen walking with difficulty, on 
account of the great distension of the abdomen. 


CHRYSOMELA 


( Plate xiv, fig. 1.) 

Head, thorax, antenne and body steel-blue. Elytra luteous, minutely punctured : punc- 
tures on the margins linear. There is a very obscure line of spots or dots along the 
suture, scarcely visible without the aid of a glass : the tips of the elytra are also dark 
brown. Autumn, and feeds upon the Solidago. 


CHRYSOMELA 


( Plate xiv, fig. 2.) 
Head, body and thorax reddish brown; eyes black : elytra yellowish brown, and striped 
with reddish brown or ferruginous. The punctured lines are also reddish, of which 
there are about ten to each elytrum, running parallel to the margins. Length one- 
fourth of an inch. 
T am unable to determine whether it is a described species or not. 


FAMILY GALERUCIDA, : 133 


CHRYSOMELA TREMULA. ( Plate xiv, figs.5, 6 & 7: larva and pupa.) 
Head, thorax, body, antenne and legs blue : elytra brown, finely punctured. 
Foreign : its larve feed upon the leaves of the poplar. 


CHRYSOMELA BANKSII. 


Immaculate, obtusely ovate : head very small; antenne luteous ; thorax with the lateral 


edges thickened. Color dark brown, glossy, impunctate. Elytra of the same color as 
the thorax, punctated : beneath, the same color as above; soles of the tarsi cream- 
-eolored. Length nearly one-fourth of an inch. 


CHRYSOMELA AMERICANA. 

Form ovate. Color brown, glossy : eyes black ; thorax and head impunctate. Elytra pune- 
tate in four double rows, besides the sutural one : between the rows the surface is 
flat, impunctured, and of a brassy bronze reflection ; the punctured lines are purplish. 
Length one-eighth of an inch. 


Galerucidae. 


Tuts family is exemplified by those very common striped beetles which infest and destroy 
the cucumber plant. They are oblong, and are furnished with a small head and a narrow 
thorax. Their antenne are about half as long as their bodies, of a uniform thickness, and 
inserted near together and near the mouth. Their legs are of an equal size, though in some 
the thighs are formed for leaping. They are small insects and vegetable feeders, and often 
do considerable damage in gardens. 


The family is divided by Westwoop into two subfamilies 
TICIDES. 


: 1. GaLEerucipEs; 2. Hat- 


Galerucides, 


Genus ADIMONTA ( Scuranx). 


Antenne eleven-jointed, filiform throughout, and nearly equaling the body in length : 
joints mostly cylindric ; the last acute,and pointed outwards ; the second the shortest, 
obeonic ; the third next in length, the two equaling the first or fourth ; the remainder 
equaling the first or fourth : labrum entire : palpi indeterminate. Head small, exsert : 
eyes prominent : body ovate, elongate : legs rather long, equal or subequal ; } oste- 
rior thighs only moderately incrassate. 


134 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


ADIMONIA 


( Plate xiv, fig. 4.) 

Color yellowish green : head and its appendages black. A depression and two eminences 
behind the antenne. The three first antenne yellowish green; on the outer side, 
brown; the remainder dark brown or black : pectus black : abdomen yellowish 
green. Thorax greenish yellow predominating, immaculate : two slight indentations 
on each side, with a slight lateral ridge or dilatation. Elytra pale green, marked with 
eleven black rather quadrangular spots : most of them have their angles rounded, so 
as to approach an oval form; the basal spot is common to both elytra. Legs black : 
upper half of the thighs greenish. Length one-fourth of an inch. 

It will be evident from the above generic and specific descriptions, that this insect is 
neither a Galeruca, Lema or Haltica, and probably not an .@dimonia : it belongs, however, 
to the vast family Gatervucip®. It is rather common in September and October on the 
asters and solidagos. Hither tho descriptions within my reach are faulty, or else it has not 
been deseribed. 


LEMA TRIVITTATA. 

Rufous : thorax and head rufous; the former punctured iransversely at its base, and 
marked with two black dots. Elytra marked with longitudinal black stripes, the 
middle sutural : punctures arranged in lines. Antenne black ; first joint rufous : 
lower tibia and tarsi black. One variety more rufous,and marked with wider stripes 
and larger dots upon the thorax : sometimes the dots are absent. 

Resembles the striped cucumber-bug. 


GALERUCA VITTATA. 

Color yellow : head black. Elytra marked with three black longitudinal stripcs, including 
the sutural one : abdomen black ; forelegs mostly of that color : knees and feet o 
the other legs black. 

This insect is troublesome to various vines, and especially to young cucumber vines 
when not of a vigorous growth. The best remedy is to secure a strong and rapid growth: 
other remedies, which are more or less successful, are, washing the plait with offensive 
liquors, or sprinkling them with strong-scented powders. Tobacco in its various forms, 
whale-oil soap, ete. are all more or less useful. 


GALERUCA CALMARIENSIs ( Lin.). ( Plate xii, fig. 12.) 

This is a European insect, which has been introduced in‘o this country about Baltimore. 

It is destructive to the foliage of the elm. It is about onc-fourth of an inch long, and is 

described by Mr. Srervens as follows : ‘Oblong-ovate; sbove testaceous, deeply punc- 

tured : crown, furrow on the thorax, scutellum, a dash «n the elytra, breast and hase of 
abdomen, black ; apex of the abdomen and base of the antenne testaceous. 


. FAMILY GALERUCID. 135 


e CEDIONYCHUS THORACICA. 

Color of the elytra blue purplish, immaculate : thorax luteous, marked with eight black 
dots ; outer margin luteous. The outer half of the tarsal joints and antenne Iuteous ; 
the rest purplish. 


Halticides. 


Genus HALTICA. 


‘Form oblong-ovate : thorax narrower than the elytra; posterior tarsi short’ (Wesr- 
woop). Fi 
This genus comprises many species, all of which are small, and whose posterior legs are 
formed for leaping. They feed upon the leaves of vegetables, more especially upon the 
cruciform plants, as mustard, radish and turnip ; the latter of which often suffers exceed- 
ingly, in consequence of the insects eating the young and succulent leaves, perforating 
them like a sieve. Their colors are often brilliant. ° 


HALTICA CHALYBEA. 

Body oblong oval : thorax marked with a transverse furrow. Color steel-blue, but variable 
and passing into greenish blue : underside green ; antenne and feet black. Length 
from one-sixth to one-fifth of an inch. 

Davip Tuomas, of Cayuga county, has given in Silliman’s Journal an account of this 
species of Haxrica. This excellent observer noticed that his vine leaves were infested with 
a small smooth chestnut-colored larva; and on feeding them in a tumbler partly filled 
with earth, they came to maturity and buried themselves, and in two weeks afterwards 
came out the perfect insect, after having undergone their transformation. The larva feeds 
upon the tender fruit buds while in a growing state, and hence destroys the fruit for the 
season. The use of a solution of whale-oil soap would undoubtedly protect the vine, and 
drive away the insects. 

The cucumber is infested with another species of Hatrica, which has received the name 
of H. cucumeris from Dr. Harris. It is black, one-sixteenth of an inch long, with clay 
yellow antenne and legs, except the hindmost, which is brown : the thorax is marked by 
a deep transverse furrow ( Harris). 

Another is the wavy striped beetle, Haltica striolata, and feeds upon the horse-radish, 
mustard and turnip; in which respect it resembles the European species, which fceds 
upon and destroys the turnip crop. 


CHAPTER Xf. 


ORDER I. COLEOPTERA (Continued ). 


PSEUDOTRIMERA. 


Tuts division of coleopterous insects constitutes the Trimera of Larremre. Taking the 
number of joints in the tarsi, the division would be represented by insects supplied with 
only three tarsal joints : on close inspection, however, it is found that there is a small 
joint in the lobes of the second. The form of the insect is oval, sometimes hemispherical : 
the elytra cover the abdomen. They often feed upon the Aphis, and thus perform a useful 
service to gardeners and farmers. Their colors are often bright, and their thorax and elytra 
marked in various places by dots and spots (See Plate xi, all the figures ; and letters a, 
b, c, d, larva and pupa state of the Coccinella). 


Coccinellide. 


CocctNELLA BOREALIS ( Lin.). ( Plate xi, fig 8.) 
Color luteous : eyes black. Thorax marked with four black dots, the largest behind upon 
the central line, and pointed backwards. Elytra marked with seven black dots each, the 
largest situated towards the apex, and two upon the sutural line. Beneath lutecus : breast 
black. 


CoccINELLA INCARNATA. ( Plate xi, fig. 7.) 

Flesh-colored above. Thorax marked with two large transverse black spots; elytra with 

seven black spots each, or eleven as they appear when closed, three being common to 
each ( Ricu. Faun. Bor.). 


CoccINELLA QUINQUEMACULATA. ( Plate xi, fig. 5.) 

Body black : thorax black; anterior angles white : elytra tawny ; base banded, and 

marked with four black spots, the middle spots quadrangular. Length about three 
lines. 


FAMILY COCCINELLID. 137 


CoccinELLA 20-MAcULATA. ( Plate xi, fig. 4.) 
Color pale honey-yellow, marked with twenty black spots somewhat confiuent on the 
middle of the elytra. Insect quite small. 
In some of the plates the green coloring is too deep. There is a variable state of the 
ground color : sometimes it is entirely pale honey-yellow ; in other instances, there is a 
grayish green tinge. 


CoccINELLA NOVEMNOTATA. ( Plate xi, fig. 6.) 

Color luteous and reddish, marked with nine black spots ; one common to each elytrum, 
situated near the base. Thorax black, margined in front with pale honey-yellow : the 
black portion extends in front towards the head : body black. The color of the elytra 

is somewhat variable, yellow and reddish predominating each in different individuals. 


CoccinELLA IMMACULATA. ( Plate xi, fig. 9.) 
Color luteous : thorax black, margined with pale honey-yellow or whitish : elytra im- _ 
maculate : body black. The flank of the thorax is quadridentate. 
This insect does not agree with Mr. Say’s description in every particular, still it is not 
so different as to preclude the idea that it is a variety. 


CoccINELLA PIMACULATA. ( Plate xi, figs. 10, 11.) 

Color ferruginous, verging into luteous. Thorax varied with black and white ; the white 

dilated margins being marked with a black dot, the black arranged in the form of 

two deeussating wide lines. Head marked with a central black line, which divaricates 

posteriorly, or sends off branches to the eyes. Elytra marked usually with a single 
black dot : body black beneath. 


CoccINELLA TRIOCULATA. 
The black spot upon the elytra is larger than in the preceding species, and the dilated 
white margins of the thorax are immaculate : the color of the inseet is paler. The abdo- 
men is black, bordered with rufous. 


CoccINELLA DUODECIMNOTATA. 
Body black : head black and quadridentate in front, margined with luteous : thorax 
black, marked with two oblique rectangular spots, and margined with luteous. Spots 
of the elytra twelve, and none of them sutural. 


[ AcricuLturaL Report — Vot. v.] 18 > 


138 ORDER COLEOPTERA. 


CoccINELLA ABBREVIATA. 
Elytra ferruginous, marked with eight black dots situated between the middle and the 
apices. Thorax black, with fuscous angular spots, and margined with fuscous. 


CoccINELLA TRANSVERSOGUTTATA. 
Elytra marked with four black dots arranged in a Tine across the middle. 


CoccINELLA BINOTATA. 
Color black, with two brown-red spots in the centre of each elytrum. Margin of the thorax 
white. 


CocciNELLA DECIMMACULATA. ( Plate xi, fig. 4.) 
Color red, deep flesh-red and purple. Head and fica marked with two black spots ; 
elytra with ten, one common to both at or near the scutellum, and another below the 
middle upon the suture : body and legs black. Length about two lines. 


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ACHETA ABBREVIATA....- 
SA COTIEAMM eo eve: Aeicievel ese ocie 
AcRYDIUM FEMORRUBRUM . 
ACRYDIUM FLAVOVITTATUM, 
INGUIAS). obta-avazetarste ete oo 's.0 sue 
ANGERIA EXITIOSA oeeeees 
ARGERIA TIPULIFORMIS .... 
ADIMONIA Mecesei st atenere 
AGONIDERUS PALLIPES.... 
AGONUM CUPRIPENNE .... 
AGONUM OCTOPUNCTATUM . 
AGRILUS RUFICOLLIS «+... 
AGROTIS 
AMARA IMPUNCTICOLLIS .. 
American Oak-beauty....- 
American Tent-caterpillar . 
American Tigermoth ..... 


Page 
143 
246 
146 
147 
233 
222 
223 
134 

47 

45 

45 

85 
244 

46 
245 
235 
229 


ANCHOMENUS EXTENSICOLLIS, 49 


Angoumois Grainmoth .... 


254 


ANISODACTYLUS AGRICOLLIS, 47 
ANISODACTYLUS BALTIMOREUS,47 


INDEX OF SPECIES, 


ARCTIA VIBGINICA eoeee 
ARCTIA' VIRGO". c:c0s00 
ARGYNNIS APHRODITE .. 
ARGYNNIS IDEALIAsee.e 
ATTACUS CECROPIA .... 
ATTACUS BUNA. eerie ced 
ATTACUS POLYPHEMUS.. 
ATTACUS PROMETHEUS.. 
ATTELABUS ANILIS..... 
ATTELABUS PUBESCENS , 
ATTELABUS SIMILIS .... 
BALANINUS RECTUS .... 
Bark-lice | secis eclesteone 
Beautiful Deiopeia ..... 
BEMBIDIUM HONESTUM.. 
BemMBIDIUM 
Bemsipium 
BemMBIDIUM 
Bemsipium 
Bemsipium 


INEQUALE .. 


INORNATUM... 
SIGILLARE .... 
TRIPONCTATUM, 
VARIEGATUM.. 


*“BAATTA NIVEA ........%. 


ANISODACTYLUS RUsTICUS . 47 | BoLETOPHAGUS CORNUTUS . 
Ant-lions .......s-++++- 185 | BracHINUS CEPHALOTES... 
APATE BASILARIS....+++. 93 | BRACHINUS CONFORMIS.... 
Aphidians .......... ... 158] BracHinus FUMANS...... 
APHODIUS ATERRIMUS.... 69] BracHINUS PERPLEXUS .,. 
APHODIUS BICOLOR......- 69] BRENTHUS SEPTENTRIONIS . 
APHODIUS COPRONIMUS,... 69] BRUCHUS PISI.eseeeeeees 
APHODIUS FEMORALIS .... 69] BupRESTIS AMERICANA... 

APHODIUS SERVAL......- 69] BupRESTIS DENTIPES ....- 
APHODIUS STRIGATUS .... 69] BupRESTIS DIVARICATA ... 
APHODIUS TERMINALIS.... 69] BuprestTIs FASCIATA ..... 
Appletree Blight ........ 161} Buprestis FEMORATA .... 
Aptera ..........-.. «. 148] Burrestis FuLvo-GuTTata, 
AREODA LANIGERA ...... 76] BUPRESTIS LURIDA....... 
ARCTIA ISABELLA........ 229] BupREsTIS VIRGINICA .... 

[ AcricuLturaL Rerort — Vot. v.] 33 


A. A moerscane U7 


Page 
229 
229 
211 
212 
237 
234 
236 
237 
107 
107 
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229 
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92 
41 
42 
42 
41 
106 
100 
83 
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Burais CEREALELLA..... 
Caddice-flies ..... 22.00. 
CALANDRA GRANARIA..... 
CALATHUS GREGARIUS .... 
CALLIMORPHA EPIMENIS... 
CALLIMORPHA PARTHENICE, 
CALLIMORPHA PHYLLIRA .. 
CALLIMORPHA VIRGUNCULA, 
CALOSOMA CALIDUM...... 
CaLOSOMA SCRUTATOR .... 
CANTHARIS ATRATA...... 
CANTHARIS CINEREA ..... 
CARABUS LIMBATUS 2.2... 
CaRABUS SERRATUS ...... 
CaraBUS VINCULUS ...... 
CARPOCAPSA POMONELLA .. 
CASSIDA CLAVATA ....... 
CATOCALA AFFINIS ....... 

JATOCALA EPIONE ....... 
CECIDOMYIA CULMICOLA... 
CECIDOMYIA DESTRUCTOR.. 
CECIDOMYIA ROBINIA..... 
CECIDOMYIA SALICIS...... 
CEcIDOMYIA TRITICI...... 
CERAMBIX desnaveban 
CERATOCAMPA REGALIS ... 
CERESA BUBALUS ....0... 
CERESA DICEROS......... 
CETONIA FULGIDA........ 
CETONIA INDA ....eeeee. 
CHISTES 0'4-0.s:cis efebehels «'0,c'a 6 
CuHLceNIUS EMARGINATUS.. 
CHL@NIUS LITHOPHILUS .. 
CHL@NIUS NEMORALIS.... 
CHLG@NIUS SERICEUS...... 
CHL@NIUS TOMENTOSUS... 


258 


CuRYSOMELA AMERICANA. . 
CurysoMELA BANKSII. . 


CHRYSOMELA C@RULIPEN 
CHRYSOMELA DECIPIENS... 


NIS, 


Page 
133 
135 
132 


131 


CuRYSOMELA PHILADELPHICA,130 


CurysoMELA 
CurysomMELa 
CurysoMELA 


PULCHER.... 
SCALARIS ... 
TREMULA ... 
CurysoMELAa 
CuRYsOPHANES PHLEAS... 
CicaDA 
CicapDa 
Cicapa 
CicINDELA 
CicINDELA 
CiciNDELA 
CicINDELA 


CANICULARIS ..... 
NOVEEBORACENSIS.. 
SEPTENDECIM..... 
ALBILABRIS.... 
CAMPESTRIS ... 


GENEROSA..... 
CicinDELA 
CIcINDELA 
CicinDELA 
CicrNDELA 
CicINDELA 
CictinDELA 
CicINDELA 
CicInDELA 
CIMBEX AMERICANA ...... 
CIMBEX ULMI-ssste cies oho 
CimMEX LECTULARIUS,.. 


GUTTATA. weve 


HIRTICOLLIS ... 
PATRUELA — ....). 
PUNCTULATA... 
PURPUREA ,.... 
REPANDIS ..... 
MULGARIS 3. aes 


CIMEX PUR CIS=éie «ace 
CIMINDIS PILOSUS ....... 
CIstEnA. BREVIS¥ss-< ccienn 
CLERUS APIARIUS ¢...00. 
CrislocAMPA AMERICANA .. 
CLIsIocAMPA NEUSTRIA 
CLIsIOCAMPA SYLVATICA... 
CLIVINA LINEOLATAS..... 
@1ytus 
GEY TUS: CABRUA scrtester-0ets 
Crytus 
Cuytus 
Ciyrtus 
Cuytus 
CLYTUS UNDATUS........ 
CoccINELLA ABBREVIATA 
CoccINELLA BIMACULATA.. 


CAMPESTRAS Ss < ..2 2:0 


HAMARUS w.e.0.0, cess 
NOBILIS .4...2.-0% 
PICTUS seeeccrees 
SPECIOSUS ..--+%-.- 


TRIMACULATA, 


HJEMORRHOIDALIS 


132 
131 

33 
132 
216 
152 
152 
150 

36 


38 


DUODECIMGUTTATA,37 


INDEX. 


CoccINELLA BOREALIS .... 


Page | 


136 


CoccINELLA DECIMMACULATA,138 


CoccinELLA 12-NoTaTa... 
CoccINELLA IMMACULATA.. 
CoccINELLA INCARNATA... 
CoccINELLA NOVEMNOTATA, 
CoccINELLA 5-MACULATA.. 
Cocc. TRANSVERSOGUTTATA, 
CoccINELLA TRIOCULATA .. 
CocctnELLA 20-macuLaTa. 
C@LIOXIS ANNULARIS..... 
CoLIAS PHILODICE «...... 
COPRIS CAROLINUS oe. oases 
CoproBIUS LEVIS........ 
COREUS TRISTIS). «oo 0s 0 
Corn Emperor-moth...... 
CREMASTOCHEILUS HENTZI, 
CREMASTOCHEILUS SCABER . 
Crioceris 12-runcTraTa .. 
CucusJUS CLAVATUS .....% 
CUBES CAPITATA \...j2.. oon's 
CycHRUS VIDUUS ......0. 
CYNTHIA CARDUL .¢ 06 eo 
CYNTHIA HUNTERA.....~ 
CYRTOSIA ARCUATA ..c0%, 
CyRTOSIA FULIGINOSA .... 
DANAUS PLEXIPPUS ...... 
DEIOPEMSBELDAG Ss eo aoRH 
Delta-moth<,...)0.s feels eke 
DENDROIDES CANADENSIS... 
DerMESTES LARDARIUS ... 
DesMocERUS PALLIATUS... 
DicHELONYCHA ELONGATA . 
Dic@.us DILATATUS ....- 
Dica:tus ELONGATUS 


er 
DicryorTERA RETICULATA . 
DictvOrpTERA TERMINALIS . 
DryocaMPa IMPERIALIS.. 


Dryocamra pELLucIDA 


Divocampa VIRGINIENSIS 


Dyscuirivs GLOBULOsUS .. 
DyticUs HARRISII........ 
FEXLAPHIDION PUTATOR..... 
ELAPHIDION VILLOsUM.... 


ELAPHRUS RUSCARIUS .... 


137 
137 
136 
137 
136 
138 
137 
136 
197 
204 


90 
233 
239 
239 

44 

5d 
124 
124 

52 


ELATER 
ELATER 
ELATER 
ELAter 
ELATER 
Eater 


APPRESSIFRONS... 
CINEREUS 160 5,010: 
COMMUNIS....... 
NOCTILUCUS.“,0.a16.- 
OBESUS “4 (stewra ee. 
OCUTALUSH sc ssretereie 
ENGIs FASCIATUS-....0.0 
CONCAVAleiess:0,016 ee 
EMARGENATA 4... 


SINUATA.... 


Enribia 
Entinia 
Enrinia 
Ephemerides......... 


EpIcauTA. VITTATA uses 
EREBUS EDUSA.... 20+. 


EriosomMa NIVALIS ... 
IGGH ETES “EGLE ee ene 3 es 
EvcuLora C@LEBS.... 
EUDAMUS -TITYRUS ois aeie s 
BUDRYAS GRATAwe...1 <>. 
EUMOLPUS AURATUSe.... 


IORFICULA ~rqeless/slo sve etecs 
ABS ie ale astenstenseoraneeeiere 
GALERITA AMERICANA .... 
GALERUCA CALMARIENSIS, . 
GALERUCA VITTATA...... 
Galerucides ..2isicieicrsis % sere 
GALGULUS OCULATUS..... 
GARGARA 
GARGARA 


CINEREUM. eee. 
DISCOIDALIS .... 
GARGARA 
GaRGARA 
GARGARA 
GARGARA 
GARGARA 


INERMIS .eeee.- 
MACULIFRONTIS . 
MAIUS.ej0.0,0;0 siivl eve 
NIGRICEPHALA .. 
PECTORALIS 


GARGARA PUBESCENS ..... 
GARGARA QUERCI..s.000% 
GEOMETRA CATENABIA.... 
GEOMETRA SERRATA ..... 
GEOMETRA TRANSVERSATA, 
GEOTRUPES SPLENDENS ... 
GERRIS MARGINATUS ..... 
GLAUCOPIS PHOLUS...e... 
GoRTYNIA LEUCOSTIGMA,.. 
QORTSNIA ZEA Riteleetal dels 
GRAMMOPTERA dig Oo 
GRILLOTALPA BREVIPENNIs, 


Page 
88 
88 
88 
88 
88 


- 


7 
59 
153 
153 
153 
187 
96 
246 
161 
227 
78 
215 
242 
130 
139 
148 
42 
154 
134 
133 
167 
156 
159 
157 
156 
156 
157 
157 
157 
156 
249 
249 
249 
67 
167 
235 
243 
245 
128 
145 


a) asewnd }. ~ 


HALICA. CHALYBEA ....... 


Hatirtus 12-puncratus. 


55 


TIALirLus IMMACULATICOLLIS, 99 


HAMMATOCERUS PURCIS... 


Harvatus 
Harpatus 
Harpatus 


BICOLOR rersesc 
ERRATICUS ... 
FAUNUS veces 
Harvest-flies ........00. 
Hawk-moths-..¢ 6040006 5 
IEDSPTOLUS| o;ecayeveretere Serer 
HESPERIA PECKIUS...... 
Ie Ssian-fly: ,.jajajsyeyaisveistoeve 
HipparcuIA ALOPE ..... 


HippakcHIA NEPHELE .... 


HIstER CONFORMIS»..... 


Honeycomb-moth ........ 


HoPLia TRIFASCIATA.... 
orntails:.,.,., Miyiiasisevens 
EIYLORBIVS PALES. 3.5. 
Hy LurGus TEREBRANS .. 


TcHNEUMON BREVICINCTOR. 
TPS. BIFUSTULATUS’ a. oer 


EPS FASCIATUS* sees cae 
Ips QUADRISIGNATA ..ee 
Ips sANGUINOLENTA..... 


168 
. 45 
ue AG 
. 45 
. 149 
216 
. 241 
. 216 
. 173 
. 218 
213 
.¢ 266 
253 
78 


vey LOL 


. 107 
12 
193 


ItHycERUs NOVEB°RACENSIS, 110 


Wiad y birds -sir0-o%0°'Ss tgs 
Lamia : 
Lampyris 
Lamreyris 


Lampeyris 
Lampyris 
Lampyris 
Lampyris 


NIGRICANS .... 
SCINTILLANS 
VERSICOLOR... 


Lasiocampians..........- 


Leaf-hoppers.. 
Leaf-rollers... 2... 
LEBIA ATRIVENTRIS ..... 


LEBIA SMARAGDULA..... 
GEBIA “VIRIDIS) «00 dials tt. 


LEMA TRIVITTATA cee. 
LeErPTURA MALACHITICUS... 


LEPTURA OCTOPUNCTATA . 
LEPTURA. RUBRICA ...... 


ANGULATA ....- 
CORRUSCA 2.20% 
LATICORNIS .... 


' OMALISUS COCCINATUS ... . 


INDEX. 

Page 
Pag7 
126 
185 
211 
202 
203 
181 
145 
146 
146 
146 
250 

56 
169 


Macrovactyius suBspinosa, 78 


Lerrura SUBPUBESCENS.. 
LEPTURA VITTATA s..60 
LIBELLULA PULCHELLA ... 
LiMENITIS ARTHEMIS ..... 
LIMENITIS DISSIPPUS ...,. 
LIMENITIS URSULA.. 
Leptis 


LocusTA CAROLINA ...... 
Locusta CORALLINA .... 
Locusta NEBULOSA ...... 
LocusTA SULPHUREA ..... 
LoxoT@NIA ROSACEANA... 
LUCANUS DAMA. ceca eees 


Lycx£us LEUCOPTERUS.... 


MEP COIS icccethe renee. ch LTB 


MMlaty flies: sy ava tatetet Seeesciers 2 LOM 
MELITHEA PHETON....... 212 
MELITHA PHAROS ....... 212 
MELOE ANGUSTICOLLIS.... 97 
Mipas: BIDATOS see. aa 188 
MILESIA VIRGINIENSIS.... 183 
MonocuaMus MaAcuLosus . 123 
MonocHaMus PULCHER ... 123 
MonocuHamus scuTrELLATUS, 123 
MonocHaMts TITILLATOR . 123 


MOTHS scteiaiadtons ates hteteee Doe 


Musca vomiroria....... 181 
Myrmelion: 0.2. os. 2° 185 
NECRODES SURINAMENSIS.. 58 
NEcRoPHORUS AMERICANUS, 57 
NeEcRropnuorvus pyGMEus... 57 
NeEcropuorvts TOMENTOsUs, 07 
NIvTIDULA BIPUSTULATA ... 58 


245 
246 
245 
245 
52 
166 
211 
18 


135 


Noctua MARGARITATA..... 


NocTuA NUNDINA s... 0020. 
Noctua 


Noctua 


SQUAMULARIS .... 
UNDULARIS's s'ersves 
NoriopHILUs PORRECTUS .. 
Noronecrus 


eeeeeee 


NYMPHALIS ARTHEMIS .... 
OpDONTATA SCUTELLARIS .. 
CH pIONYCHUS THORACICA .. 


90 | Plant-lice ....:5.-.... 


259 


Page 
OMOPHRON LABIATUM..... 52 
— var. TESSELLATUS, 52 
ONCIDERES CINGULATUS... 123 
ONTHOPHAGUS HECATE.... 68 
ONTHOPHAGUS OVATUS.... 68 
OPHION GLABRATUS...... 196 
OpHIoN MAcRURUM ...... 196 
OFPHION MUNDUS ,....... 196 
OPHION PURGATUS .o..... E97 
OrGyIA LEvucosTigema .... 230 
PacHYTA CORDIFERA ..... 128 
Pale Emperor-moth ...... 28 
PAMPHILA PHIL@US...... 215 
Pancus cALiginosus..... 46 
PAPILIO ASTERIAS ...+..- 200 
ParILio PHILENOR....... 201 
PaPiLIo TURNUS........- 204 
Paritio uRTICH......... 209 
Parnus CRENATUS....... 56 
PARNUS FASTIGIATUS..... 56 
PELECINUS POLITURATOR .. 196 
PELECINUS POLICERATOR .. 196 
PELIDNOTA MACULATA .... cd 
PELIDNOTA PUNCTATA .... 77 
PHALANA LUNA......... 233 
PHALENA QUERCARIA.... 245 
PHALENA UNDULARIS... 245 
PHANZUS CARNIFEX ..... 68 
PuANERorrTera angustifolia, 145 
PHELAMPELIS SATELLITIA . 219 
PHRYGANEA SEMIFASCIATA, 188 
PHYLLOBIUS TENIATUS ... 107 
PayLiopHaGa pRaKit.... 72 
PHYLLoPHAGA GEORGIANA. 72 
PHYLLOPHAGA HIRTICULA.. 72 
PHYLLOPHAGA PILOSICOLLIs, 72! 
PHYLLOPHAGA QUERCINA.. 72 
PHYLLOPHAGA VARIOLOSA. 72 
PIERIS NICIPPE........2. 205 
Pigeon: Treméx}5472.2%.0. 192 


Pimpna LUNATOR.... 
PIssoDES STROBI .... 
PITHO AMERICANA 0+. 


260 


PLATYCERAS PICEUS..+.+. 
PLATYGASTER TIPULEH.... 180 
PLATYPHYLLUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM, 


Page 


66 


145 
PLATYFHYLLUM concavum, 144 
Piaty. opLoncirotium ... 145 
PoNTIA OLERACEA oeesee. 204 
Potato Hawkmoth ....... 218 
Potherb Pontia.......... 204 
PRIONUS LATICOLLIS...... 115 
Prionus PENNSYLVANICA.. 115 
Progne Butterfly....,.... 207 
IPTINUS SEURWeiererasioreverewisien 2 
PouLex PENETRANS ...... 148 
PuRPURICENUS HUMERALIS, 126 
PyGRA ALBIFRONS...... 242 
PyrocHROA FLABELLATA.. 96 
Repvuvivs Rate veusie aes pL OS 
RHAGIUM LINEATUM...... 126 
RHINOSIA POMETELLA..... 204 
RuyNcHENUS NENUPHAR.. 109 
Rose Leafroller.......... 200 
Saltatorsi devel ores wists sleisicp lA 
Saltmarsh Caterpillar ..... 225 
GSAPERDA CALCARATA..... 121 
SapPERDA CANDIDA....... 121 
SapPERDA TRIDENTATA.... 122 
GAPERDA TRIPUNCTATA ... 122 
SAPERDA VESTITA....220- 121 
SarcopHaGaA GEORGINA ... 181 
SarcopHaGa vomitoria .. 181 
SATURNIA 10 eecceseees+ 202 
SATURNIA MAIA ....0-..- 201 
ScARITES SUBTERRANEUS.. 48 
ScoLta FOSSILANA ....... 197 
Scotia ocromacuLaTA.... 197 
ScoLyTUS PYRI....-.00-. 113 
Semicolon Butterfly ...... 207 
SERICA ASSIMILIS...e0ee0 UL 
SpRICA VESPERTINA....-- 71 
GERICA VIRIDANS «.5.0.2. TE 
SESIA FUCIFORMIS........ 221 
GESIA PELASGUS:s:00 se sc0 0 221 
SILPHA AMERICANA ...... 98 


INDEX. 
Page 
57 
SILPHA INEQUALIS .....-- O7 
SILPHA NOVEBORACENSIS .. 98 
SILVANUS SURINAMENSIS .. 105 
DKIppers, sevice el. LOM W210 
SMERINTHUS ASTYLUS .... 221 
SMILIA AURICULATA...... 153 
153 
SMILIA VIRIDIS.......... 154 
SMILIA VITTATA......... 154 
Spanworms!s sedate aS, 
SpecTRUM FEMORATUM.... 142 
SpH&HRODERUS STENOSTOMUS, 49 
SpHEX PENNSYLVANICA ... 195 
197 
. 218 
. 218 
219 
218 


SIEPHA CAUDATA: sic v% eieie 


SMILIA GUTTATA...s+.00 


SPHEX PLUMIPES........- 
SrHINX BRONTES 
SPHINX CAROLINUS eee... 
SPHINX CHIONANTHI..... 
SPHINX CINEREA.....226- 
SPHINX CONVOLVULUS.... 
SpHInx ocToMacuLatus .. 218 
SPHINX PAMPINATRIX..... 220 
SPHINX QUINQUEMACULATUS, 219 
SPILOSOMA ACRHA....... 
SpILosoMA ARGE . 296 
CUNEM Welcterclers 
EGE ays erioorver 


eetoees 


SpiLosoma 
SpiLosoma 
SPILOSOMA NAIS ....eeeee 
STAPHYLINUS CHRYSURUS.. 
STAPHYLINUS CYANIPENNIS, 


gp bo to 
bo bh bo 
~J 


STAPHYLINUS VILLOSUS ... 
STENOCORUS CINCTUS..... 
TABANUS AMERICANUS... 
TABANUS ATRATUS cocceee 
TELAMONA ACCLIVATA ..0. 
TELAMONA 
TELAMONA 
TELAMONA 
TELAMONA 
TELAMONA 
TELAMONA 
TELAMONA 
TELAMONA 
TELAMONA 


AMPELOPSIDES . 
CORYLI .....6- 
CRATAGI...... 
FAGI wee eeevee 
ORNATA eeseee 
QUERCI ....... 
RECLIVATA 2.4. 
TURRICULATA .. 
UNICOLOR ....- 


Page 
TELEPHORUS JOO cea es tl) 
TENEBRIO CURVIPES...... 99 
TENEBRIO MOLITOR ...... 99 
TENEBRIO OBSCURUS...-.. 99 
Tent Caterpillar......... 229 
TENTHREDO tats cPeroter WOOL 
TETRAOPES TETROPHTHALMA, 121 
TETRIX cen wns her Be REE 
TETTIGONIA ROSH ....... 158 
TETTIGONIA VITIS.....-.. 158 
THANASIMUS DUBIUS ..... 91 
THEGLA» ACIS deny. oe oo 
THECLA-HUMULT.......2- 214 
THELIA BIMACULATA ..... 156 
THELIA BINOTATA ....... 156 
THELIA LUTIPES.(2) 0.02. 196 
TPHRIPS' ats, cte coettate see ee LO 
TINEA GRANELLA........ 256 
ToMICUS{EXESUS ae . Soy ahe 
TomiIcus LIMINARIs...... 112 
MOMICUS PINTss\vi\se0 os 0 1D 
TRECHUS CINCTUS «...... 48 
TRECHUS coNJUNCTUS .... 48 
Treehoppers ...esseeee-. 102 
TREMEX COLUMBA ....... 192 
TROXTCAPILEARTS! ei vols ge mre. 


PROX, PORCATUS 4.0.0 sites TOO 
Upis PENNSYLVANICUS... 
Urocervs ALBICORNIS,... 192 
siren 206 
ATALANTA.. 208, 209 
wis SUAS 
INTERROGATIONIS, 207 
POLYCHLOROS ... 208 
VANESSA PROGNE....0.2% 207 
VANESSA URTICE......-.- 209 
VESPA FRATERNA ss.ee- 
Wheatrfly,.. sicictererlersleit- 
Wheat-midge ..........- 
White Millers... .catserial 
Willow Butterfly ....... 
Wood-nymph .......... 
Wood-wasps .....-..0- 
XYLOCARPA VIRGINICA.,. 


VANESSA 
VANESSA 
VANESSA 
VANESSA 
VANESSA 


ANTIOPE eee 


COMMA 


panel 


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Ldstameniosiristste mS 


Pond pn apr crwse oe 
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Sreceteterereearsmrores caqntsgiaes 
mg wea psse cleo: sare une 


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Presigtcrt 
Perel te statisenetatetety) 

Or HG te we pote 


betpirerthenreerts feats 


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SECOs ce tele 
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Sissterpcees 


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sbeebs pl 
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wapera! equ rbeay 


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bevy vets 


eat 

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Picans pics Oy 

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irrep teres etre atae 

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mevoigtacebesgebitoetneeresien tine’ 
north planet borsnapepepepars raed bes bpapees poeta NL 


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phonon ol oli. Syenhees top loaoioepioy 
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PA htbnehs ritbibebopsormUMtEl babe MiRlbebeb stats pturptict gt i tpemibeeetees th: 
Let bbtheen in Nibble ob aleabritaepe ans be pepres pepe bifias bo bpibs Bigs pa plesk b 
i bite ta Bote abt Fo Pipe b eps we bt pp. platen fe forte al Pons tone Bab Bey 
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Heiter 
weber ih brn YEO: bel 


rent 
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ort 
vated pil pep tins 
ee bea 
wlueetaeie 


Asp rhe pen wip el hs 


np bs >) 
slprpeasblely estieratge ul plates: 
rerirersitetatethtntat totasieat 
, myirtete 
pil 
egints 


penen 
abet 


Peasy 
itis 
Wilpbly 
Rapp eli 
ted he ang 
seehvervenr cots 
Un stetett 
Mets isbias dip pees 


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; Mi atsteen: 


AM 


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pres 


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Hrigegteledes 


Ter titie 
tt 
erica shies 
i rae 
Aare nade sien 

Riytelet atts ae ea 

Petaratasttesetaey 


eye 
nee 

ee bet Mais 
Mecaacisicattettatht 
Agha s ah 
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Valter 

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y att 
Sein blet alae 


ay 


Nate 


AeAehseh 
eit 
Sab fad 
Crnnrety 
elonytive espa Bieter races 
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sp olacelpsarpdtel¢ 


San bie ca gh ebyt ge ot 


bare greteage rier se (ining) 
it Hiivetatates 


aes teentE 
peat 

tein ith 
to 


Res eets 
erent 


eh 
pecorino tate 


Perret at 
S93 sir ae 5 

seibelehthebete 
rin aeeag? 
Matas tohee 
neadnen tobi pis 
etectete 
RaChotet hare 
drteeptrlrictetel p 

Renn eepe bts 

pric eboe tivcesel rene c erent penne! 
salir araletseae: meter toto voeenttaserbes 
Pepe trecyres rye err Wye bm brn 


peters 


erate ecares 


ef 
Ast, 
Leotstentetel 
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ra orere ras 


Paist 


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iterate “ 
° Ett temrcemeoe 


re es oe eres pam me aS 8 nes Hereen che 


18h beet 


telstarteptersl obpetacins 
a ose: be pywe" 95m. es, 
La Aeia tin pocetostrseces pepe gert 


. sieseres Sei: we ¢ 


ett 
tte 
sei 


Pee ALAR oe hel hes 
A pleee en chet oh eareear et 
Tete Aces are eh eke te 


Wrrel pc + bee teva: 


nhs teens 
Waly hrere 
Oo ores tee-s 


Cie 
POEL As MoU 
peters 
rene arctan aepioesen 
Po cook ses St ae 


se tierce pene. 


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orp tne soeren 0) Sees Gaerne 


citer aelretcheerhoors Toot 

tent rstarartetistt teenth there 

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psa ietonaererefetinr para teruthTecate' ss tol 
Sesettepasertetears rare 


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prelesyw Ohom vtepies 
vet 


me vres sehen ey ead ear wrnpant 
ee eeudely 


afoiefatetenetn tsepegeorntiaberge barerate 
Mase by DV Ro bw LWIA besa bi ew ash pre e 
iis i reattceteticetete te eaaetatetsceweatgney steer 


i Renan relent ay 
mettteathteranetene tn 
ata latatca tee 

ean eet atest 


reitintet eres 
gtinelide tater : 
wovesit aateswtaserstocrtitateenatguareasttgecsty beehy 
vip itacecaton Petececumaitice react core 


pe ethane nesicnrieeyrerexteattey on 


en etcetera 
Peprouaooncenmmnanacantts 
i nade Pethreatiaterst eat ot 


Apenreeite 
norte eee 


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ma. 
Cay 


mabetelnetats 
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siete tiene be 
vs " 
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PE ee oder 
so mea we! ods by 
bona gs Habe bs emi 6 
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Sota a helee cee 
Genres 
ty ee veto tepes 
sranegumenee veers 
Mears 
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rf vk facial 
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Manin Mee oeprmele aah bibem eres fiir: 
trash athteems wc enue paspemcorpe protons 
A Sutter 
rheh Gd 
lsat 


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Cr ecaarns 


“ 
Cites toast 
8s Fe be pape be 


ela 


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Nabari tet 
Wet tple 


pier 
Pecleicleras 
Vv eip ecegvteb ety: 
tetas Raney 
ee ob wh ¥° B , 


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Creare it at fipthe wee 
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Ititer it peeps Si 
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seb abL id bebe ’ 

> prbysitiintiral 

f vielen 


Hereby ney 
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Duos 


prt 


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bitty 


bab ok as bk Oe B 
beryictvtrt terete 
eh cstin es 


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feet 


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statins 


eet abe ates 
poppies 
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srry 


acrtinedecceanadenth 
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